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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id></journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Martin Paul Eve</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn></issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.59348/65tfk-v7p63</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A critical bibliography about LibGen, the pirate site
that Meta used for AI training</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5589-8511</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Eve</surname>
<given-names>Martin Paul</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21T00:00:00+00:00">
<day>21</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access">
<ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
Yesterday, academic social media went into overdrive as many
intellectuals discovered LibGen (“Library Genesis”) for the first time,
thanks to an article and tool in The Atlantic.
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>Yesterday, academic social media went into overdrive as many
intellectuals discovered LibGen (“Library Genesis”) for the first time,
thanks to
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2025/03/search-libgen-data-set/682094/">an
article and tool in <italic>The Atlantic</italic></ext-link>.</p>
<p>It is quite amazing to me that people have only just come to this.
There has been a substantial volume of academic literature on the
subject for several years now and, as it affects all disciplines, I
would expect some engagement with these meta-subjects for access to
academic research.</p>
<p>I suppose what is interesting is that most of the backlash that I saw
against the “revelations” in <italic>The Atlantic</italic> were against
the use <italic>by Meta</italic>. This is of note because, as you will
discover if you trawl through the below recommended secondary reading,
most of the founders of these pirate platforms see themselves as
adherents of socialism, communism, and other left philosophies. They see
themselves as providing access to all those who are unable to pay for
access to knowledge globally. But giving things away for free means that
anyone can access them; even the “baddies”.</p>
<p>In any case, here’s a secondary reading list of some of the material
that’s out there on LibGen (the books platform) and Sci-Hub (articles
and journals). As a technical point: LibGen also acts as the backing
store for Sci-Hub, Finally, more recent platforms like Anna’s Archive
are not that well covered in the secondary literature yet. Some of these
links may, by now, be dead. You may also want to keep a lookout for
publications resulting from
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.lanceeaton.com/research-study/">Lance
Eaton’s PhD work</ext-link>, which is focused on academic piracy (and
for which I am on the committee).</p>
<p>That said, if you want the really short version, have a read of:</p>
<list list-type="bullet">
  <list-item>
    <p>Bodó, Balázs, ‘The Genesis of Library Genesis: The Birth of a
    Global Scholarly Shadow Library’, in <italic>Shadow Libraries:
    Access to Educational Materials in Global Higher Education</italic>,
    ed. by Joe Karaganis (The MIT Press, 2018), pp. 25–52</p>
  </list-item>
  <list-item>
    <p>Eve, Martin Paul, ‘Lessons from the Library: Extreme Minimalist
    Scaling at Pirate Ebook Platforms’, Digital Humanities Quarterly,
    16.2 (2022)
    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/16/2/000587/000587.html">http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/16/2/000587/000587.html</ext-link></p>
  </list-item>
</list>
<sec id="references">
  <title>References</title>
  <list list-type="bullet">
    <list-item>
      <p>Andersson, Jonas, and Stefan Larsson, ‘The Justification of
      Piracy: Differences in Conceptualization and Argumentation Between
      Active Uploaders and Other File-Sharers’, in <italic>Piracy:
      Leakages from Modernity</italic>, ed. by Martin Fredriksson and
      James Arvanitakis (Litwin Books, 2014), pp. 217–40 Andročec,
      Darko, ‘Analysis of Sci-Hub Downloads of Computer Science Papers’,
      Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, <italic>Informatica</italic>, 9.1
      (2017), pp. 83–96,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1515/ausi-2017-0006">https://doi.org/10.1515/ausi-2017-0006</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Banks, Marcus, ‘What Sci-Hub Is and Why It Matters’,
      <italic>American Libraries</italic>, 47.6 (2016), pp. 46–49</p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Barok, Dušan, and others, ‘In Solidarity with Library Genesis
      and Sci-Hub’, http://Custodians.Online, 30 November 2015
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://custodians.online">http://custodians.online</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Bodó, Balázs, ‘Coda: A Short History of Book Piracy’, in
      <italic>Media Piracy in Emerging Economies</italic>, ed. by Joe
      Karaganis (Social Science Research Council, 2011), pp. 399–413</p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>——, ‘Library Genesis in Numbers: Mapping the Underground Flow
      of Knowledge’, in <italic>Shadow Libraries: Access to Educational
      Materials in Global Higher Education</italic>, ed. by Joe
      Karaganis (The MIT Press, 2018), pp. 53–78</p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>——, ‘The Genesis of Library Genesis: The Birth of a Global
      Scholarly Shadow Library’, in <italic>Shadow Libraries: Access to
      Educational Materials in Global Higher Education</italic>, ed. by
      Joe Karaganis (The MIT Press, 2018), pp. 25–52</p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Cheney, Matthew, ‘Supporting Openness Should Not Mean
      Supporting Piracy’, <italic>Finite Eyes</italic>, 29 March 2020
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://finiteeyes.net/open/supporting-openness-should-not-mean-supporting-piracy/">https://finiteeyes.net/open/supporting-openness-should-not-mean-supporting-piracy/</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Dulong de Rosnay, Melanie, ‘Open Access Models, Pirate
      Libraries and Advocacy Repertoires: Policy Options for Academics
      to Construct and Govern Knowledge Commons’, <italic>Westminster
      Papers in Communication and Culture</italic>, 16.1 (2021), pp.
      46–64,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.913">https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.913</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Elbakyan, Alexandra, ‘How The Chronicle Is Trying to Malign
      Sci-Hub’, <italic>Engineuring</italic>, 9 July 2021
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://engineuring.wordpress.com/2021/07/09/how-the-chronicle-is-trying-to-malign-sci-hub/">https://engineuring.wordpress.com/2021/07/09/how-the-chronicle-is-trying-to-malign-sci-hub/</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>——, ‘Why Sci-Hub Is the True Solution for Open Access: Reply to
      Criticism’, <italic>Engineuring</italic>, 24 February 2016
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://engineuring.wordpress.com/2016/02/24/why-sci-hub-is-the-true-solution-for-open-access-reply-to-criticism/">https://engineuring.wordpress.com/2016/02/24/why-sci-hub-is-the-true-solution-for-open-access-reply-to-criticism/</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>——, ‘Sci-Hub Is a Goal, Changing the System Is a Method’,
      <italic>Engineuring</italic>, 11 March 2016
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://engineuring.wordpress.com/2016/03/11/sci-hub-is-a-goal-changing-the-system-is-a-method/">https://engineuring.wordpress.com/2016/03/11/sci-hub-is-a-goal-changing-the-system-is-a-method/</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Erkal, Esra, ‘Allegations Linking Sci-Hub with Russian
      Intelligence’, <italic>Elsevier Connect</italic>, 20 December 2019
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.elsevier.com/connect/allegations-linking-sci-hub-with-russian-intelligence">https://www.elsevier.com/connect/allegations-linking-sci-hub-with-russian-intelligence</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Eve, Martin Paul, ‘Lessons from the Library: Extreme Minimalist
      Scaling at Pirate Ebook Platforms’, <italic>Digital Humanities
      Quarterly</italic>, 16.2 (2022)
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/16/2/000587/000587.html">http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/16/2/000587/000587.html</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>——, Warez: The Infrastructure and Aesthetics of Piracy (punctum
      books, 2021)</p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Faust, Jeremy S., ‘Sci-Hub: A Solution to the Problem of
      Paywalls, or Merely a Diagnosis of a Broken System?’,
      <italic>Annals of Emergency Medicine</italic>, 68.1 (2016), pp.
      A15–17,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.05.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.05.010</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Green, Toby, ‘We’ve Failed: Pirate Black Open Access Is
      Trumping Green and Gold and We Must Change Our Approach’,
      <italic>Learned Publishing</italic>, 30.4 (2017), pp. 325–29,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1116">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1116</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Greshake, Bastian, ‘Correlating the Sci-Hub Data with World
      Bank Indicators and Identifying Academic Use’, <italic>The
      Winnower</italic>, 3 (2016),
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.15200/winn.146485.57797">https://doi.org/10.15200/winn.146485.57797</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Himmelstein, Daniel S, and others, ‘Sci-Hub Provides Access to
      Nearly All Scholarly Literature’, ed. by Peter A Rodgers,
      <italic>eLife</italic>, 7 (2018), p. e32822,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32822">https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32822</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Hoy, Matthew B., ‘Sci-Hub: What Librarians Should Know and Do
      about Article Piracy’, <italic>Medical Reference Services
      Quarterly</italic>, 36.1 (2017), pp. 73–78,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2017.1259918">https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2017.1259918</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Machin-Mastromatteo, Juan D, Alejandro Uribe-Tirado, and Maria
      E Romero-Ortiz, ‘Piracy of Scientific Papers in Latin America: An
      Analysis of Sci-Hub Usage Data’, <italic>Information
      Development</italic>, 32.5 (2016), pp. 1806–14,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666916671080">https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666916671080</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Martin, John D., ‘Piracy, Public Access, and Preservation: An
      Exploration of Sustainable Accessibility in a Public Torrent
      Index’, <italic>Proceedings of the Association for Information
      Science and Technology</italic>, 53.1 (2016), pp. 1–6,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301123">https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2016.14505301123</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Masnick, Mike, ‘Academic Publishers Get Their Wish: DOJ
      Investigating Sci-Hub Founder For Alleged Ties To Russian
      Intelligence’, <italic>Techdirt</italic>, 3 January 2020
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.techdirt.com/2020/01/03/academic-publishers-get-their-wish-doj-investigating-sci-hub-founder-alleged-ties-to-russian-intelligence/">https://www.techdirt.com/2020/01/03/academic-publishers-get-their-wish-doj-investigating-sci-hub-founder-alleged-ties-to-russian-intelligence/</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Maxwell, Andy, ‘Meet the Guy Behind the Libgen Torrent Seeding
      Movement’, <italic>TorrentFreak</italic>, 5 December 2019
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://torrentfreak.com/meet-the-guy-behind-the-libgen-torrent-seeding-movement-191205/">https://torrentfreak.com/meet-the-guy-behind-the-libgen-torrent-seeding-movement-191205/</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Reisner, Alex, ‘Search LibGen, the Pirated-Books Database That
      Meta Used to Train AI’, <italic>The Atlantic</italic>, 20 March
      2025
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2025/03/search-libgen-data-set/682094/">https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2025/03/search-libgen-data-set/682094/</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Russell, Carrie, and Ed Sanchez, ‘Sci-Hub Unmasked: Piracy,
      Information Policy, and Your Library’, <italic>College &amp;
      Research Libraries News</italic>, 77.3 (2017), pp. 122–25,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.77.3.9457">https://doi.org/10.5860/crln.77.3.9457</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Sar, Ernesto Van Der, ‘Sci-Hub, BookFi and LibGen Resurface
      After Being Shut Down’, <italic>TorrentFreak</italic>, 21 November
      2015
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://torrentfreak.com/sci-hub-and-libgen-resurface-after-being-shut-down-151121/">https://torrentfreak.com/sci-hub-and-libgen-resurface-after-being-shut-down-151121/</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Schiermeier, Quirin, ‘Pirate Research-Paper Sites Play
      Hide-and-Seek with Publishers’, <italic>Nature News</italic>,
      2015,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.18876">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.18876</ext-link>
      ——, ‘US Court Grants Elsevier Millions in Damages from Sci-Hub’,
      <italic>Nature News</italic>, 2017,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.22196">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2017.22196</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
    <list-item>
      <p>Till, Brian M., and others, ‘Who Is Pirating Medical
      Literature? A Bibliometric Review of 28 Million Sci-Hub
      Downloads’, <italic>The Lancet Global Health</italic>, 7.1 (2019),
      pp. e30–31,
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30388-7">https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30388-7</ext-link></p>
    </list-item>
  </list>
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