{"found":50712,"hits":[{"document":{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"name":"Atarraya"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"f17066f5-0dbf-48d0-a413-b22a79861a94","created":1723852800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Nuestras historias","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/f17066f5-0dbf-48d0-a413-b22a79861a94/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://blogatarraya.com/feed/atom/","filter":null,"generator":"Other","home_page_url":"https://blogatarraya.com","issn":null,"language":"spa","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"atarraya","status":"active","subfield":"1202","title":"BLOG ATARRAYA","updated":1781807955,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"BLOG ATARRAYA","blog_slug":"atarraya","content_html":"<div></div>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/d5dfv-npf07","guid":"https://blogatarraya.com/?p=6945","language":"es","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782086400,"rid":"qz2jb-c2f60","tags":["Historia De La Iglesia","Historia De La Prensa","Historia Pol\u00edtica","N\u00famero 30"],"title":"Entre la fe y la rebeld\u00eda: los sacerdotes que desafiaron a la Iglesia en Zacatecas a mediados del siglo XIX","updated_at":1782423828,"url":"https://blogatarraya.com/2026/06/22/entre-la-fe-y-la-rebeldia-los-sacerdotes-que-desafiaron-a-la-iglesia-en-zacatecas-a-mediados-del-siglo-xix/","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"affiliation":[{"id":"https://ror.org/02mb95055","name":"Birkbeck, University of London"}],"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Eve","given":"Martin Paul","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-8511"}],"blog":{"authors":[{"name":"Martin Paul Eve","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-8511"}],"community_id":"9224b0d7-fc03-497c-9c6f-85c9fd1e72da","created":1690329600,"current_feed_url":null,"description":null,"favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/9224b0d7-fc03-497c-9c6f-85c9fd1e72da/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://eve.gd/feed_all.xml","filter":null,"generator":"Jekyll","home_page_url":"https://eve.gd","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59348","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"eve","status":"active","subfield":"1208","title":"Martin Paul Eve","updated":1782412379,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"Martin Paul Eve","blog_slug":"eve","content_html":"<p>This is a quick \"how-to\" post because I learned something about Zotero. I want the posts on this site to be easily citeable. The name of the site that I would like in citations is \"eve.gd: Martin Paul Eve\". But here's the problem: when you put that as a Blog Title (or Website Title) and then go to cite it in a document, the CSL reformats it to the ugly \"Eve.Gd: Martin Paul Eve\". Anyway, I found how to fix this! You simply encode it thus:</p>\n<pre><code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;eve.gd&lt;/span&gt;: Martin Paul Eve \n</code></pre>\n<p>Then the CSL will preserve your original case. <code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;bell hooks&lt;/span&gt;</code> might have found this useful, as might <code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;andr\u00e9 carrington&lt;/span&gt;</code>.</p>\n<p>Mind you, those two are jokes only, as Zotero automatically preserves the casing of author names.</p>\n<p>The next challenge that I faced was: how do you get an item into Zotero with the \"Blog Post\" type when you are running a static-site generator? Well, obviously, you have to embed meta tags, but which ones?</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-key-force-the-item-type-with-zoteroitemtype\">The key: force the item type with <code>zotero:itemType</code></h2>\n<p>Genre/OpenGraph hints alone are unreliable \u2014 <code>prism.genre=blogentry</code> is <em>supposed</em> to map to Blog Post, but in practice Zotero kept importing posts as <strong>Web Page</strong> (the OpenGraph default won). The dependable fix is Zotero's own RDFa override, <code>zotero:itemType</code>, which is read <strong>first</strong> in the translator's type precedence (<code>t.zotero || t.bib || t.prism || \u2026 || t.og || \u2026</code> in <code>RDF.js</code>) and beats everything else.</p>\n<p>Two parts are required, because <code>zotero</code> is <strong>not</strong> a built-in prefix in the translator (only the short <code>z</code> is), so it must be declared:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Declare the prefix on the <code>&lt;html&gt;</code> element (the translator's <code>getPrefixes</code> reads the <code>prefix</code> attribute of <code>&lt;html&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;head&gt;</code>):</p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-html\">&lt;html lang=\"en\" prefix=\"og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# zotero: http://www.zotero.org/namespaces/export#\"&gt;\n</code></pre>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Emit the override (note <code>property=</code>, not <code>name=</code>):</p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-html\">&lt;meta property=\"zotero:itemType\" content=\"blogPost\"&gt;\n</code></pre>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The <code>prefix</code> value is RDFa syntax: <code>prefix: uri</code> pairs separated by spaces (a space <strong>after</strong> each colon is required by the parser's <code>(\\w+):\\s+(\\S+)</code> regex).</p>\n<h2 id=\"required-tags\">Required tags</h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tag</th>\n<th>Value</th>\n<th>Effect</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>&lt;html prefix=\"\u2026zotero: http://www.zotero.org/namespaces/export#\"&gt;</code></td>\n<td>(declaration)</td>\n<td>Registers the <code>zotero</code> prefix so the next tag is understood.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>zotero:itemType</code> <em>(property)</em></td>\n<td><code>blogPost</code></td>\n<td><strong>Forces item type \u2192 Blog Post.</strong> Highest-priority signal.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>prism.publicationName</code></td>\n<td><code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;eve.gd&lt;/span&gt;: Martin Paul Eve</code></td>\n<td><strong>Blog Title.</strong> Read before <code>og:site_name</code>. The <code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;</code> is CSL markup so styles don't title-case <code>eve.gd</code> into <code>Eve.Gd</code>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>og:title</code></td>\n<td>post title</td>\n<td><strong>Title.</strong> Use OpenGraph/<code>dc.title</code>, <strong>not</strong> <code>citation_title</code> (see below).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_author</code></td>\n<td><code>Eve, Martin Paul</code></td>\n<td><strong>Author</strong> (<code>Last, First</code>; repeat for multiple).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_publication_date</code></td>\n<td><code>2022/07/26</code></td>\n<td><strong>Date</strong> (<code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_doi</code></td>\n<td><code>10.59348/kv1zh-wn208</code></td>\n<td><strong>DOI</strong> (bare, not a URL).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_public_url</code></td>\n<td><code>https://eve.gd/2022/07/26/.../</code></td>\n<td><strong>URL</strong> (absolute).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_language</code></td>\n<td><code>en</code></td>\n<td><strong>Language.</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2 id=\"secondary--belt-and-braces\">Secondary / belt-and-braces</h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tag</th>\n<th>Purpose</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>prism.genre</code> = <code>blogentry</code></td>\n<td>Secondary type hint (kept in case <code>zotero:itemType</code> is ever ignored).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>dc.title</code> / <code>dc.creator</code> / <code>dc.date</code> / <code>dc.language</code></td>\n<td>Dublin Core fallbacks for other reference tools.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2 id=\"tags-to-avoid-for-a-blog-post\">Tags to AVOID for a blog post</h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tag</th>\n<th>Problem</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_journal_title</code></td>\n<td><strong>Forces</strong> the <code>journalArticle</code> type.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_title</code></td>\n<td>Makes the translator <strong>guess</strong> <code>journalArticle</code>. Supply the title via <code>og:title</code> / <code>dc.title</code> instead.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2 id=\"notes\">Notes</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><code>og:site_name</code> stays clean (<code>eve.gd: Martin Paul Eve</code>, no markup) because it also drives social-card previews; the case-protected title rides in <code>prism.publicationName</code>, which Zotero reads first.</li>\n<li><code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;\u2026&lt;/span&gt;</code> is one of Zotero's allowed rich-text tags, so it survives import; Zotero's item pane may show the raw markup in the field even though citations render correctly.</li>\n<li>After changing these tags, <strong>Reset Translators</strong> in Zotero (Preferences \u2192 Advanced) and test on the deployed page, since the connector caches translators.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>So this should now work!</p>\n<p>I must also add my thanks to Tom Elliott, whose <a href=\"https://paregorios.org/posts/2018/05/zotero_nikola_harmony/\">own blog post on this subject</a> gave me the information I needed to get the Blog Post type working. It is a shame that he stopped posting on his blog in 2020. I hope all is OK with him, but there are lots of interesting digital humanities posts on his site, on eclectic topics.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://eve.gd/2026/06/23/making-blog-posts-harvestable-by-zotero-and-preserving-case-in-citation-fields/\">Making blog posts harvestable by Zotero and preserving case in citation fields</a> was originally published by Martin Paul Eve at <a href=\"https://eve.gd\">Martin Paul Eve</a> on June 23, 2026.</p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59348/vrt01-f3b49","guid":"https://doi.org/10.59348/vrt01-f3b49","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782172800,"rid":"11809-0cg45","summary":"This is a quick \"how-to\" post because I learned something about Zotero. I want the posts on this site to be easily citeable. The name of the site that I would like in citations is \"eve.gd: Martin Paul Eve\". But here's the problem: when you put that as a Blog Title (or Website Title) and then go to cite it in a document, the CSL reformats it to the ugly \"Eve.Gd: Martin Paul Eve\". Anyway, I found how to fix this!","title":"Making blog posts harvestable by Zotero and preserving case in citation fields","updated_at":1782413221,"url":"https://eve.gd/2026/06/23/making-blog-posts-harvestable-by-zotero-and-preserving-case-in-citation-fields/","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"name":"Research Software Alliance"}],"blog":{"authors":[{"name":"Research Software Alliance"}],"community_id":"79c5ab82-d540-413c-a8cf-3e55d0135a40","created":1780876800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Recent content on Research Software Alliance","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/79c5ab82-d540-413c-a8cf-3e55d0135a40/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://www.researchsoft.org/feed.xml","filter":null,"generator":"Hugo","home_page_url":"https://www.researchsoft.org/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":null,"slug":"researchsoft","status":"active","subfield":"1802","title":"Research Software Alliance","updated":1782399472,"use_api":null},"blog_name":"Research Software Alliance","blog_slug":"researchsoft","content_html":"<p>This month's news includes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Research software community news, including the CHORUS/ReSA webinar on embedding research software into scholarly publishing</li>\n<li>IRSC26 program now available</li>\n<li>IRSC welcomes founding sponsors</li>\n<li>Opportunities to get involved with community initiatives</li>\n<li>Resources</li>\n<li>Community events, including Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing (PEARC)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://preview.mailerlite.io/preview/778129/emails/191164519232308951\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Read the June newsletter</a></strong></p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/vgqj0-e8h12","guid":"https://www.researchsoft.org/news/2026-06/","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782345600,"rid":"nhw3z-ph647","summary":"This month's news includes: Research software community news, including the CHORUS/ReSA webinar on embedding research software into scholarly publishing IRSC26 program now available IRSC welcomes founding sponsors Opportunities to get involved with community initiatives Resources Community events, including Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing (PEARC) <strong> Read the June newsletter </strong>","title":"ReSA Newsletter: June 2026","updated_at":1782400242,"url":"https://www.researchsoft.org/news/2026-06/","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Fischer","given":"Georg","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5620-5759"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"52aefd81-f405-4349-b080-754395a5d8b2","created":1694476800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":null,"favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/52aefd81-f405-4349-b080-754395a5d8b2/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/open-research-berlin/feed/atom/","filter":null,"generator":"WordPress","home_page_url":"https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/open-research-berlin","issn":null,"language":"deu","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"oaberlin","status":"active","subfield":"1802","title":"Open Research Blog Berlin","updated":1782388528,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"Open Research Blog Berlin","blog_slug":"oaberlin","content_html":"<h2><b>Chancen und Herausforderungen f\u00fcr die (offene) Erforschung von gro\u00dfen Online-Plattformen</b></h2>\n<h3>Online-Veranstaltung am 30. Juni (13:15 bis 14:45 Uhr) mit Simone Ruf, Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Freiheitsrechte (GFF)</h3>\n<p>Registrierung unter folgendem Link: <a href=\"https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909\">https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909</a></p>\n<p><!--more--></p>\n<p><strong>Hintergrund:</strong> Im Februar 2024 wurde der europ\u00e4ische Digital Services Act (kurz DSA, deutsch: Gesetz \u00fcber digitale Dienste) innerhalb der EU und damit auch in Deutschland vollst\u00e4ndig anwendbar. Mit dem DSA legt die EU ein Regelwerk vor, um digitale Plattformen, Dienste und Produkte wirkungsvoller und einheitlicher zu regulieren. Der DSA richtet sich unter anderem an Akteure wie X, Meta, TikTok oder Google. In dem Gesetz sind etwa Regeln festgelegt, nach denen digitale Online-Plattformen Inhalte entfernen oder auch wieder freischalten m\u00fcssen, sowie wie sie dar\u00fcber mehr Transparenz verschaffen sollen. Zur Bemessung und Eind\u00e4mmung von sogenannten systemischen Risiken h\u00e4lt der DSA Regelungen bereit, die dem Schutz Minderj\u00e4hriger dienen oder die Transparenz von Werbung erm\u00f6glichen sollen, etwa in Bezug auf suchtf\u00f6rderndes Design oder illegale beziehungsweise gef\u00e4hrliche Inhalte.</p>\n<p>Auch enth\u00e4lt der DSA in<a href=\"https://gesetz-digitale-dienste.de/dsa/artikel-40/\"> Artikel 40 ein Recht auf Forschungszugang</a>: Forschende haben seit Oktober 2025 die M\u00f6glichkeit, \u00fcber eine Registrierung auf dem <a href=\"https://data-access.dsa.ec.europa.eu/home\">Data Access Portal</a> Daten von sehr gro\u00dfen Online-Plattformen und -Suchmaschinen zu bekommen und zu analysieren (weitere Informationen dazu beispielsweise bei der <a href=\"https://data-access.dsa.ec.europa.eu/home\">Bundesnetzagentur</a>). Die Veranstaltung am 30. Juni bietet eine Einf\u00fchrung in diese neue und f\u00fcr viele Forschende noch unbekannte Thematik. Wir wollen die Regelungen des DSA insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit den Ma\u00dfgaben von Open Research, Forschungsdaten bzw. Open Data diskutieren.</p>\n<p><strong>\u00dcber die Referentin:</strong> Die Juristin Simone Ruf von der<a href=\"https://centerforuserrights.freiheitsrechte.org/\"> Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Freiheitsrechte (GFF)</a> begleitet die Einf\u00fchrung des DSA in die Praxis seit langem, setzt sich kritisch mit dem Regelwerk sowie mit den Reaktionen der Plattformen darauf auseinander. In ihrem Input wird die juristische Expertin die Hintergr\u00fcnde des DSA erl\u00e4utern, die Potentiale des darin enthaltenen Forschungszugangs ausloten sowie die Chancen und Herausforderungen des Rechtsinstruments f\u00fcr die offene Forschung diskutieren. Anschlie\u00dfend wird es Gelegenheit f\u00fcr Fragen und gemeinsame Diskussion geben.</p>\n<p>Die Veranstaltung richtet sich an Forschende mit Schwerpunkt digitale Plattformen insbesondere aus der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, aus den Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, aus den Rechtswissenschaften und weiteren Forschungsfeldern, sowie an Mitarbeitende aus Bibliotheken, Archiven und anderen Infrastruktureinrichtungen. Auch Studierende und andere Interessierte sind selbstverst\u00e4ndlich willkommen. Juristische Kenntnisse sind nicht erforderlich.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Termin:</strong> Dienstag 30. Juni von 13:15 bis 14:45 Uhr, online via Webex (<a href=\"https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909\">Registrierung</a>)</li>\n<li><strong>Referentin:</strong> Simone Ruf (<a href=\"https://centerforuserrights.freiheitsrechte.org/\">Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Freiheitsrechte, Center for User Rights</a>)</li>\n<li><strong>Organisiert von:</strong> <a href=\"https://www.open-research-berlin.de/\">Open Research Office Berlin</a> samt Legal Helpdesk Berlin, <a href=\"https://gfmedienwissenschaft.de/gesellschaft/ags/medienindustrien\">AG Medienindustrien</a> der Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Medienwissenschaft (GfM) und <a href=\"https://search.fid-media.de/Search/Home\">FID Media</a> samt der Servicestelle Urheberrecht</li>\n<li><strong>Organisationsteam:</strong> Stefan Cravcisin, Georg Fischer, Aziza Hentschel, Kai Matuszkiewicz und Lies van Roessel</li>\n</ul>\n<pre>F\u00fcr die Teilnahme ist eine Registrierung unter folgendem Link erforderlich: <a href=\"https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909\">https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909</a>\nDer Link zur Teilnahme wird nach Registrierung per Mail zugesandt.</pre>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/xc1cy-31210","guid":"https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/open-research-berlin/?p=4098","language":"de","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1780272000,"rid":"9cg1z-m8p86","summary":"Chancen und Herausforderungen f\u00fcr die (offene) Erforschung von gro\u00dfen Online-Plattformen Online-Veranstaltung am 30. Juni (13:15 bis 14:45 Uhr) mit Simone Ruf, Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Freiheitsrechte (GFF) Registrierung unter folgendem Link: https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909","tags":["Allgemein","Veranstaltungshinweise","Legal Helpdesk Berlin","Digital Services Act","Forschungszugang"],"title":"Der Forschungszugang nach Digital Services Act (DSA), 30. Juni, online","updated_at":1782389625,"url":"https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/open-research-berlin/2026/06/01/der-forschungszugang-nach-digital-services-act-dsa-30-juni-online/","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"affiliation":[{"id":"https://ror.org/02dpqcy73","name":"Centre de biophysique mol\u00e9culaire"}],"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Hinsen","given":"Konrad","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0330-9428"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"2488dc7f-4f82-4051-8490-22d2cd8d472d","created":1719792000,"current_feed_url":null,"description":null,"favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/2488dc7f-4f82-4051-8490-22d2cd8d472d/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://blog.khinsen.net/feeds/all.atom.xml","filter":null,"generator":"Other","home_page_url":"https://blog.khinsen.net/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"khinsen","status":"active","subfield":"1802","title":"Konrad Hinsen's blog","updated":1782376251,"use_api":null},"blog_name":"Konrad Hinsen's blog","blog_slug":"khinsen","content_html":"<p><a href=\"https://tomasp.net/cultures/\">Cultures of Programming - The Development of Programming Concepts and Methodologies</a> is a recent book by <a href=\"https://tomasp.net/\">Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dek</a> that analyses the history of programming from the perspective of five interwoven cultures. It contains a lot of interesting insight, so I encourage you to read it. At the very least, read the first chapter. In this post, I try to relate these five cultures to the wider world of technology, and to the practices of scientific research.</p>\n<!-- more -->\n<p>The five cultures identified in the book are the following (my summaries):</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Mathematical culture sees computer programs as mathematical entities whose properties are amenable to proof.</p></li>\n<li><p>Hacker culture sees programming as a conversation with a machine as it runs.</p></li>\n<li><p>Engineering culture sees programs as technical artifacts whose construction according to established best practices is a trade-off between desirable properties and economic constraints.</p></li>\n<li><p>Management culture sees software as an industrial product whose qualities depend on suitable organisation structures.</p></li>\n<li><p>Humanist culture sees computation and programs as extensions and externalisations of human thought and notations.</p></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Individuals typically adopt a primary culture that defines their main attitude towards programming, but also take the points of view of other cultures depending on context.</p>\n<p>My first observation is that these five cultures fall into two categories:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Hacker, engineering, and management culture are about <em>making</em> software.</p></li>\n<li><p>Mathematical and humanist culture are about <em>relating to</em> software.</p></li>\n</ul>\n<p>These two categories are not completely independent. If you care about software having certain formally provable properties, for example, you better take into account that requirement during all stages of software construction.</p>\n<p>My second observation is that these cultures are not specific to programming. This is perhaps easiest to see for engineering and management, the duo that has been piloting manufacturing industries for quite a while, with engineering focusing on the technical aspects and management on the coordination of human efforts. As for hackers, I see them as a reincarnation of craftspeople. They have the same approach of making something with their hands while constantly integrating feedback from their senses. They also work alone or in small self-organizing teams, and favor learning-by-doing over formal education. The trade-offs between bespoke artisanal software as made by hackers, and industrial mass-market software as made by a cooperation of engineers and managers, is very similar to the trade-offs between a tailor-made wardrobe and Ikea furniture.</p>\n<p>Mathematical culture is not so much about the academic discipline of mathematics, but about applying the formal associated with mathematics to software. In contrast, humanist culture emphasizes contextual reasoning about software. Formalization requires decontextualisation, which creates a tension between formally provable properties on one hand, and contextually relevant properties on the other hand. In simpler terms, formal methods can provide rigorous proofs of some properties, but those properties are often not the most relevant ones in your application context. Similar tensions between formal and informal reasoning exist in other intellectual disciplines. For example, many fields of science use both qualitative (informal) and quantitative (formal) approaches in research, and have subcultures that favor one or the other.</p>\n<p>Early scientists worked in the same spirit as craftspeople and hackers: alone or in small teams, alternating between making things (instruments, experimental setups) and observing, and organizing in non-hierarchical institutions (learned societies) that support research while respecting individual autonomy. More recently, some scientific activities have been industrialized (see <a href=\"https://blog.khinsen.net/posts/2019/10/29/the-industrialization-of-scientific-research.html\">this earlier post</a>), and organized according to management principles. Science thus has its own analogue of the tensions between hacker culture on one hand and engineering plus management culture on the other hand. Management culture is mostly seen as imposed from the outside, by funders, and it is a particularly serious mismatch for the inherently exploratory nature of research.</p>\n<p>Scientific software inherits both the cultures of programming and the cultures of scientific research. In its early decades, from the 1950s to the 1970s, science was still dominantly a craft, and its practitioners adopted hacker culture in the creation of their software, which was typically small to medium-sized Fortran programs with no dependencies other than a Fortran compiler. A minority of researchers adopted humanist culture in publishing and reviewing this software much like a journal article - see <a href=\"https://hal.science/hal-05274018v1\">my article on reviewing research software</a>. With increasing software size and complexity, reusable libraries grew in importance, an early example being <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINPACK\">LINPACK</a> in the 1970s. Software development started to become an activity distinct from research itself, dominated by engineering culture, and ultimately leading to the establishment of the research software engineer as a distinct profession. However, hacker culture continues to prevail for software produced as part of a research project, nowadays often taking the form of computational notebooks or workflows.</p>\n<p>Given the importance of mathematics in the quantitative sciences, it is surprising that mathematical culture only plays a minor role for research software. My guess is that this is due to the dearth of mature formal methods for software. Quantitative sciences mostly rely on decades-old and well-understood mathematics, rather than on cutting-edge mathematical research. Applying this principle to formal methods for software, this leaves static type checking by compilers as the only formal method that is widely available in standard software development tools. Scientists are no different from software developers in embracing or despising static type checking. This is perhaps the most visible expression of the tension between engineering and hacker culture.</p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/2cn03-3kv74","guid":"https://blog.khinsen.net/posts/2026/06/25/cultures.html","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782345600,"rid":"zqfvm-03889","summary":"Cultures of Programming - The Development of Programming Concepts and Methodologies is a recent book by Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dek that analyses the history of programming from the perspective of five interwoven cultures. It contains a lot of interesting insight, so I encourage you to read it. At the very least, read the first chapter.","title":"Cultures of making and relating","updated_at":1782376461,"url":"https://blog.khinsen.net/posts/2026/06/25/cultures.html","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"affiliation":[{"id":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","name":"Bielefeld University"}],"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Friederichs","given":"Hendrik","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9671-5235"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"304adf51-cbb7-4ff1-a505-1dc06082fbad","created":1776988800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Aktuelle Einblicke aus der medizinischen Bildungsforschung \u2014 evidenzbasiert, verst\u00e4ndlich, mit gelegentlichem Augenzwinkern.","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/304adf51-cbb7-4ff1-a505-1dc06082fbad/logo","feed_format":"application/rss+xml","feed_url":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/blog.xml","filter":null,"generator":"Quarto","home_page_url":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/blog.html","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"medical_education","status":"active","subfield":"2739","title":"Entscheiden(d) lernen","updated":1782338400,"use_api":null},"blog_name":"Entscheiden(d) lernen","blog_slug":"medical_education","content_html":"<p><img class=\"preview-image img-fluid\" src=\"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/FriederichsH_KI-verantworten.png\"/></p>\n<p><em>\"KI \u2013 mit Ihrem guten Namen?\" Das, was bleibt \u2026</em></p>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"viermal-um-das-auto\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"viermal-um-das-auto\">Viermal um das Auto</h2>\n<p>Es war einer meiner ersten Eins\u00e4tze als Notarzt. Ein Auto war bei Rot \u00fcber die Kreuzung gefahren und auf der anderen Seite gegen einen Ampelmast geprallt, mit voller Wucht. Im Wagen sa\u00df ein \u00e4lteres Ehepaar, er am Steuer, sie daneben.</p>\n<p>Als wir ankamen, war der Aufprall deutlich zu sehen. Die Beifahrerin war eingeklemmt, ich kam kaum an sie heran. Ich fand keinen Puls, sie reagierte nicht, aber sie war noch warm. Auch mit der vielen Technik konnten wir nicht sicher feststellen, ob sie schon tot war. Ihr Mann sprach zuerst mit uns, dann wurde er immer benommener.</p>\n<p>Ich musste mich entscheiden. Um ihn zu versorgen, h\u00e4tte ich mit den Notfallsanit\u00e4tern losfahren und seine Frau zur\u00fccklassen m\u00fcssen. Ich bin viermal um das Auto gegangen und habe sie immer wieder untersucht. Kein Puls, sie war immer noch warm.</p>\n<p>Dann sind wir gefahren. Der Mann hatte eine Hirnblutung. Er wurde operiert und \u00fcberlebte.</p>\n<p>Der Dienst war lang und aufreibend. Sp\u00e4t am Abend habe ich dann beim Bestattungsinstitut angerufen, um sicher zu sein, dass die Frau wirklich tot war. Meine Hand hat dabei gezittert.</p>\n<p>Das ist Verantwortung. Nicht das Wort, sondern das, was bleibt. Sicher sein konnte ich nicht, kein Puls und doch noch diese W\u00e4rme. Entscheiden musste ich trotzdem, und ich habe die Entscheidung damals getragen, bis zu jenem Anruf und eigentlich bis heute.</p>\n<p><em>(Im Nachhinein h\u00e4tte ich einen zus\u00e4tzlichen Notarzt rufen sollen. Hinterher ist man kl\u00fcger. Auch das geh\u00f6rt dazu.)</em></p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"wer-spricht-da-und-wer-haftet\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"wer-spricht-da-und-wer-haftet\">Wer spricht da \u2014 und wer haftet?</h2>\n<p>Was hat diese Szene mit K\u00fcnstlicher Intelligenz zu tun? Mehr, als es auf den ersten Blick scheint. Im ersten Teil stand eine Frage im Raum. Wer spricht da eigentlich, wenn nachts um halb zwei eine Antwort aus dem Chatfenster kommt? Die Antwort fiel beruhigend und ern\u00fcchternd zugleich aus. Niemand. Ein Sprachmodell denkt nicht, es verdichtet <span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"zotero-item-20477\">(Lanier, 2023)</span>. Es ist die j\u00fcngste in einer langen Reihe von Maschinen, die menschliches Wissen ordnen und zug\u00e4nglich machen.</p>\n<p>Das hat eine Folge, die uns als Lehrende angeht. Wenn die Maschine das abrufbare Wissen \u00fcbernimmt, rund um die Uhr und fast umsonst, verliert ein Teil unserer Lehre seinen alten Wert. Nicht das Wissen selbst, aber seine Exklusivit\u00e4t. Und wo niemand spricht, haftet auch niemand. Was bleibt dann eigentlich dem Menschen?</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"auskunft-nicht-einsicht\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"auskunft-nicht-einsicht\">\"Auskunft, nicht Einsicht\"</h2>\n<p>Der Wirtschaftsinformatiker Detlef Schoder hat das in einem lesenswerten FAZ-Beitrag zugespitzt. Die Maschine liefere \u00abAuskunft, nicht Einsicht\u00bb <span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"zotero-item-20495\">(Schoder, Detlef, 2026)</span>. Was sie nicht ersetze, sei das Deuten, das Verbinden, das Abw\u00e4gen, das Urteilen \u2014 und das Verantworten.</p>\n<p>In einem Punkt m\u00f6chte ich Schoder erg\u00e4nzen, eventuell sogar widersprechen. Die ersten vier dieser T\u00e4tigkeiten kann KI inzwischen erstaunlich gut. Sie deutet, sie verkn\u00fcpft entfernte Felder, sie w\u00e4gt ab und legt am Ende sogar ein Urteil vor. Wer das einmal richtig mit leistungsf\u00e4higen Modellen ausprobiert, kommt aus dem Staunen kaum heraus. Ein Bildungsverst\u00e4ndnis, das den Menschen vor allem dar\u00fcber definiert, dass er besser deutet als die Maschine, d\u00fcrfte deshalb bald in Erkl\u00e4rungsnot geraten.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"die-ausnahme-das-verantworten\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"die-ausnahme-das-verantworten\">Die Ausnahme: das Verantworten</h2>\n<p>Damit sind wir beim Kern. Eine T\u00e4tigkeit f\u00e4llt aus der Reihe, und das grunds\u00e4tzlich, nicht nur graduell. Es ist das Verantworten. Wer verantwortet, pr\u00fcft das Erzeugte am Fall, legt sich auf eine Antwort fest und steht f\u00fcr sie gerade. Das setzt jemanden voraus, der zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden kann, der etwas zu verlieren hat und die Folgen tr\u00e4gt <span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"zotero-item-20497\">(\"Skin in the game\", siehe Taleb, 2018)</span>. Ein Modell hat davon nichts. Es kann ein Urteil erzeugen, aber es nicht zu seinem eigenen machen und nicht daf\u00fcr einstehen. Diese L\u00fccke schlie\u00dft auch das n\u00e4chste, gr\u00f6\u00dfere Modell nicht, denn sie ist keine Frage des K\u00f6nnens, sondern der Stellung. Schoder bringt es sch\u00f6n auf den Punkt. Eine Maschine kann Optionen erzeugen, einstehen f\u00fcr die gew\u00e4hlte L\u00f6sung kann nur der Mensch.</p>\n<p>Und es hei\u00dft mehr, als ein Ergebnis abzuliefern. Es hei\u00dft, f\u00fcr das Warum geradezustehen, nachpr\u00fcfbar und nachvollziehbar. In Medizin und Recht nennt man das die Begr\u00fcndungspflicht. Man muss sagen k\u00f6nnen, warum man so gehandelt hat und nicht anders. Genau das liefert ein Sprachmodell nicht mit.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"die-nachgereichte-begr\u00fcndung\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"die-nachgereichte-begr\u00fcndung\">Die nachgereichte Begr\u00fcndung</h2>\n<p>Aber kann sich ein Modell nicht selbst begr\u00fcnden? Man muss es doch nur fragen, warum es so geantwortet hat, und schon erkl\u00e4rt es sich, oft erstaunlich \u00fcberzeugend.</p>\n<p>Nur zeigt diese Erkl\u00e4rung nicht, wie die Antwort wirklich zustande kam. Das Modell rechnet seine Begr\u00fcndung in dem Moment neu aus, in dem wir danach fragen. Es erz\u00e4hlt uns also eine plausible Geschichte, die zur Antwort passt, und nicht den tats\u00e4chlichen Weg dorthin. Und genau das ist heikler als ein ehrliches Schweigen. Ein System, dem man ansieht, dass man nicht hineinschauen kann, l\u00e4dt zum Pr\u00fcfen ein. Ein System, das glatte Gr\u00fcnde nachreicht, l\u00e4dt zum Vertrauen ein. Das ist die eigentliche Stolperfalle.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"ein-ehrlicher-einwand\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"ein-ehrlicher-einwand\">Ein ehrlicher Einwand</h2>\n<p>Ein Einwand bleibt, und er ist berechtigt. Auch wir Menschen handeln aus Wissen, das wir nicht restlos in Worte fassen k\u00f6nnen. Die erfahrene \u00c4rztin sp\u00fcrt, dass etwas nicht stimmt, bevor sie es benennen kann. Michael Polanyi hat das in eine sch\u00f6ne Formel gefasst. Wir wissen mehr, als wir sagen k\u00f6nnen <span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"zotero-item-20479\">(Polanyi, 2009)</span>. Wer also l\u00fcckenlose Erkl\u00e4rbarkeit verlangt, trifft damit auch die \u00e4rztliche Intuition.</p>\n<p>Das stimmt. Der Unterschied liegt aber nicht darin, wie undurchsichtig dieses Wissen ist, sondern darin, wo es verankert ist. Das stille Wissen der \u00c4rztin steckt in einem Menschen, in einer, die haftet, die \u00fcber Jahre und auch durch Fehler gelernt hat und die zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden kann. Hinter der Undurchsichtigkeit des Modells steht nichts davon. Da ist niemand.</p>\n<p>Die Pflicht ist also nicht, jeden Gedankenschritt auszusprechen. Das k\u00f6nnten wir bei uns selbst nicht. Die Pflicht ist, daf\u00fcr zu sorgen, dass am Ende ein verantwortlicher Mensch hinter der Aussage steht. Und das kann das Modell nicht sein.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"was-jetzt-knapp-wird\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"was-jetzt-knapp-wird\">Was jetzt knapp wird</h2>\n<p>Das dreht die anf\u00e4ngliche Sorge um. Gerade weil Wissen, Deuten und Abw\u00e4gen billig und reichlich werden, wird etwas anderes kostbar. N\u00e4mlich jemand, der bereit und befugt ist, f\u00fcr eine Entscheidung geradezustehen. Je besser die Maschine urteilt, desto wichtiger wird der Mensch, der dieses Urteil zu seinem eigenen macht.</p>\n<p>F\u00fcr das, was hier \u00fcbrig bleibt, gibt es einen alten Namen. Die Griechen nannten es <em>Phronesis</em>, die praktische Klugheit. Aristoteles hat sie vom reinen Wissen und vom blo\u00dfen K\u00f6nnen unterschieden. Sie ist nicht die F\u00e4higkeit, ein Urteil zu erzeugen, sondern die F\u00e4higkeit, im einzelnen Fall das Richtige zu sehen und daf\u00fcr einzustehen. Sie w\u00e4chst nur mit der Erfahrung, dadurch, dass man eigene Entscheidungen immer wieder tr\u00e4gt. Herunterladen l\u00e4sst sie sich deshalb nicht. Ein Modell kann den kl\u00fcgsten Rat formulieren. <em>Phronesis</em> hat es nicht, weil ihm das Leben fehlt, das gelingen oder scheitern kann. In der Medizin ist dieser Gedanke \u00fcbrigens alt. Die Urteilskraft am Krankenbett galt immer als Musterbeispiel praktischer Klugheit, nie als blo\u00dfe Anwendung einer Formel.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"fazit\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"fazit\">Fazit</h2>\n<p>Der Unterschied zwischen Mensch und Maschine liegt also nicht im Deuten, Verbinden, Abw\u00e4gen oder Urteilen. Das kann KI zunehmend gut, und das d\u00fcrfen wir ruhig anerkennen. Er liegt im Verantworten. Nur wer zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden kann, kann f\u00fcr eine Entscheidung einstehen, und das l\u00e4sst sich an kein System abgeben. Je selbstverst\u00e4ndlicher die Maschine uns das Denken abnimmt, desto mehr kommt es auf jene an, die am Ende daf\u00fcr nachvollziehbar und nachpr\u00fcfbar geradestehen. Was das f\u00fcr unsere Ausbildung und unsere Pr\u00fcfungen hei\u00dft, schauen wir uns im letzten Teil an.</p>\n<div class=\"callout callout-style-default callout-note callout-titled\">\n<div aria-controls=\"callout-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Toggle callout\" class=\"callout-header d-flex align-content-center collapsed\" data-bs-target=\".callout-1-contents\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\">\n<div class=\"callout-icon-container\">\n<i class=\"callout-icon\"></i>\n</div>\n<div class=\"callout-title-container flex-fill\">\n<span class=\"screen-reader-only\">Hinweis</span>Transparenzkasten\n</div>\n<div class=\"callout-btn-toggle d-inline-block border-0 py-1 ps-1 pe-0 float-end\"><i class=\"callout-toggle\"></i></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"callout-1-contents callout-collapse collapse\" id=\"callout-1\">\n<div class=\"callout-body-container callout-body\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interessenkonflikte:</strong> Keine angegeben.</li>\n<li><strong>Finanzierung:</strong> Keine Angabe.</li>\n<li><strong>KI-Nutzung:</strong> Claude Opus 4.6 (Anthropic) wurde zur sprachlichen Gl\u00e4ttung und Strukturierung des Beitragstextes auf Basis eines vom Autor verfassten und immer wieder \u00fcberarbeiteten Gedankengangs eingesetzt.</li>\n<li><strong>Eigene Beteiligung:</strong> Der Autor ist in der medizinischen Ausbildungsforschung t\u00e4tig und publiziert in PubMed-gelisteten Zeitschriften. Seit einiger Zeit versucht er sich auch an einem wissenschaftlichen Blog.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"referenzen\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"referenzen\">Referenzen</h2>\n<div class=\"references csl-bib-body hanging-indent\" data-entry-spacing=\"0\" data-line-spacing=\"2\" id=\"refs\">\n<div class=\"csl-entry\" id=\"ref-zotero-item-20477\">\nLanier, J. (2023). There <span>Is No A</span>.<span>I</span>. <em>The New Yorker</em>. <a href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/there-is-no-ai\">https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/there-is-no-ai</a>\n</div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\" id=\"ref-zotero-item-20479\">\nPolanyi, M. (2009). <em>The <span>Tacit Dimension</span></em> (A. Sen, Hrsg.). University of Chicago Press. <a href=\"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo6035368.html\">https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo6035368.html</a>\n</div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\" id=\"ref-zotero-item-20495\">\nSchoder, Detlef. (2026). <span>Wie wir ausbilden sollten in Zeiten intelligenter Maschinen</span>. In <em>FAZ.NET</em>. <a href=\"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/kuenstliche-intelligenz/wie-wir-ausbilden-sollten-in-zeiten-intelligenter-maschinen-accg-200919543.html\">https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/kuenstliche-intelligenz/wie-wir-ausbilden-sollten-in-zeiten-intelligenter-maschinen-accg-200919543.html</a>\n</div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\" id=\"ref-zotero-item-20497\">\nTaleb, N. N. (2018). <em><span>Das Risiko und sein Preis: Skin in the game</span></em> (S. Held, \u00dcbers.; 1. Auflage). Penguin Verlag.\n</div>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"default\" id=\"quarto-appendix\"><section class=\"quarto-appendix-contents\" id=\"quarto-reuse\"><h2 class=\"anchored quarto-appendix-heading\">Wiederverwendung</h2><div class=\"quarto-appendix-contents\"><div><a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0</a></div></div></section><section class=\"quarto-appendix-contents\" id=\"quarto-citation\"><h2 class=\"anchored quarto-appendix-heading\">Zitat</h2><div><div class=\"quarto-appendix-secondary-label\">Mit BibTeX zitieren:</div><pre class=\"sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex\"><code class=\"sourceCode bibtex\">@misc{friederichs2026,\n  author = {Friederichs, Hendrik},\n  title = {KI -\\/- mit Ihrem guten Namen?},\n  date = {2026-06-25},\n  url = {https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/},\n  langid = {de}\n}\n</code></pre><div class=\"quarto-appendix-secondary-label\">Bitte zitieren Sie diese Arbeit als:</div><div class=\"csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas\" id=\"ref-friederichs2026\">\nFriederichs, H. (2026). <em>KI -- mit Ihrem guten Namen?</em> <a href=\"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/\">https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/</a>\n</div></div></section></div>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/9mn8x-68n03","guid":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/","image":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/FriederichsH_KI-verantworten.png","language":"de","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782259200,"reference":[{"id":"https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/there-is-no-ai","unstructured":"Lanier, J. (2023). There Is No A.I. The New Yorker."},{"id":"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo6035368.html","unstructured":"Polanyi, M. (2009). The Tacit Dimension (A. Sen, Hrsg.). University of Chicago Press."},{"id":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/kuenstliche-intelligenz/wie-wir-ausbilden-sollten-in-zeiten-intelligenter-maschinen-accg-200919543.html","unstructured":"Schoder, Detlef. (2026). Wie wir ausbilden sollten in Zeiten intelligenter Maschinen. In FAZ.NET."},{"unstructured":"Taleb, N. N. (2018). Das Risiko und sein Preis: Skin in the game (S. Held, \u00dcbers.; 1. Auflage). Penguin Verlag."}],"rid":"0kns2-xsm58","summary":"<em> \"KI \u2013 mit Ihrem guten Namen?\" Das, was bleibt \u2026 </em> Viermal um das Auto Es war einer meiner ersten Eins\u00e4tze als Notarzt. Ein Auto war bei Rot \u00fcber die Kreuzung gefahren und auf der anderen Seite gegen einen Ampelmast geprallt, mit voller Wucht. Im Wagen sa\u00df ein \u00e4lteres Ehepaar, er am Steuer, sie daneben. Als wir ankamen, war der Aufprall deutlich zu sehen. Die Beifahrerin war eingeklemmt, ich kam kaum an sie heran.","tags":["Studierende","Lehrende","KI","Verantwortung","Entscheiden"],"title":"KI \u2013 mit Ihrem guten Namen?","updated_at":1782374160,"url":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Willighagen","given":"Lars","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-4637"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"e0509c2b-3c92-4e55-a306-bb03ddf5f7c8","created":1673136000,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Thoughts about bibliographic metadata, programming, statistics, taxonomy, and biology.","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/e0509c2b-3c92-4e55-a306-bb03ddf5f7c8/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://larsgw.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default","filter":null,"generator":"Blogger","home_page_url":"https://larsgw.blogspot.com/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"syntaxus_baccata","status":"active","subfield":"1110","title":"Syntaxus baccata","updated":1782326559,"use_api":null},"blog_name":"Syntaxus baccata","blog_slug":"syntaxus_baccata","content_html":"<p>While working on adding resources on Heteroptera to the <a href=\"https://identification-resources.github.io/\">Library of Identification Resources</a>, I came across this striking observation of an ambush bug (Reduviidae, subfamily Phymatinae) from the Dominican Republic:</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/297763197/large.jpg\"/><br/>\n\u00a9 Jiri Hodecek,  <a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\">some rights reserved  (CC-BY-NC)</a> <a href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171587100\">https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171587100</a></p>\n<p>It is identified as <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> Kormilev, 1962, a genus and species described from a single specimen from Haiti. In the same publication, <em>Phymata superba</em> Kormilev, 1962 is first described, also described from a single specimen from Haiti. The publication is available online <a href=\"https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PJS_Vol_89_Nos3_4_Sep_1960.pdf\">from the publisher</a> (<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20251013112405/https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PJS_Vol_89_Nos3_4_Sep_1960.pdf\">archived</a>).</p>\n<p>There, the holotype of <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> is described as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u2642, Haiti, Acc. Hinche, August 30, 1930 (H. L. Dozier).</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Whereas the holotype of <em>Phymata superba</em> is described as:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>This species is so striking, that Dr. H. G. Barber put the label \"New Gen.-sp. <em>Has tarsi.</em>\"</p>\n</blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u2642, Haiti Port-au-Prince, August 15, 1924 (W.A. Hoffman).</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>However, looking at the holotypes online show something else, for <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> (<a href=\"https://research.amnh.org/pbi/heteropteraspeciespage/speciesdetails.php?family=Reduviidae&amp;genusid=79347&amp;speciesid=79348\">link</a>):</p>\n<p><img alt=\"Specimen\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20260624163439_if/https://research.amnh.org/pbi/specimen/specimen/image_folder0000020/UCR_ENT%2000008090_dorsal1.jpg\"/> <img alt=\"Label\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20260624163508if_/https://research.amnh.org/pbi/specimen/specimen/image_folder0000020/UCR_ENT%2000008090_label.jpg\"/></p>\n<p>And for <em>Phymata superba</em> (<a href=\"https://research.amnh.org/pbi/heteropteraspeciespage/speciesdetails.php?family=Reduviidae&amp;genusid=88711&amp;speciesid=88713\">link</a>):</p>\n<p><img alt=\"Specimen\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20260624163738if_/https://research.amnh.org/pbi/specimen/specimen/image_folder0000020/UCR_ENT%2000008108_dorsal.jpg\"/> <img alt=\"Label\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20260624163759if_/https://research.amnh.org/pbi/specimen/specimen/image_folder0000020/UCR_ENT%2000008108_label.jpg\"/></p>\n<p>The labels are exactly the other way around! Kormilev's publication does luckily make it clear which species is which, both in the descriptions and in the associated figures, where fig. 355 (left) belongs to <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> and fig. 356 (right) belongs to <em>Phymata superba</em> (and I must say, are both wonderful drawings, made by Carlos A. Wappers).</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEOjenUsgy2pAW_yxLZ8MhZpLqXlmHl2N2uqY1TNj0GTEEbsXFFp72xFDAsBCRN8-RY6gXwsqykTmcZlTV-6_n66CGC0TSfYEOyEMTqj9gNk9tGillEy993sHjgxgxj5s_qqKew5yXzQQx8S-No0EsXGmiU4PPi6HrhRQpgsbYS1jowy79So4NT0xBS2k/s1600/Screenshot_20260624_184250.png\"/></p>\n<p>So, what happened to the labels? Did Kormilev mix up the type localities in his manuscript? Or were the labels mixed up during deposition of the specimens, or in the digitization process? Barber's confident comment of \"New gen+sp.\" (as opposed to the \"Gen? sp?\" in the other set of labels) could make sense for the specimen that actually led to a new genus and species (<em>Paraphymata saileri</em>), but both specimens are striking and distinct in their own ways, and <em>Phymata superba</em> is still in its own, new subgenus.</p>\n<p><strong>Update:</strong> The images actually have their original EXIF metadata, allowing us to determine the following: the photos of the labels were taken on January 2nd, 2003 (with a Fujifilm FinePix S5000), in sequence of specimen number, about 3\u20135 minutes apart. This suggests to me that the labels were photographed one by one, with only one set of labels off its pin at a time, making it unlikely the error occurred there. Most of the files where then modified (with Adobe Photoshop) on August 9th, 2011, again in sequence but about 1\u20132 minutes apart. Notably, two of the files were modified a day later (August 10th), just a few seconds apart: the two files belonging to <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> and <em>Phymata superba</em>.</p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/j7p11-sz416","guid":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5472537257659342064.post-5379177461291585005","image":"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEOjenUsgy2pAW_yxLZ8MhZpLqXlmHl2N2uqY1TNj0GTEEbsXFFp72xFDAsBCRN8-RY6gXwsqykTmcZlTV-6_n66CGC0TSfYEOyEMTqj9gNk9tGillEy993sHjgxgxj5s_qqKew5yXzQQx8S-No0EsXGmiU4PPi6HrhRQpgsbYS1jowy79So4NT0xBS2k/s72-c/Screenshot_20260624_184250.png","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782259200,"rid":"z2k2s-11a26","summary":"While working on adding resources on Heteroptera to the Library of Identification Resources, I came across this striking observation of an ambush bug (Reduviidae, subfamily Phymatinae) from the Dominican Republic: \u00a9 Jiri Hodecek, some rights reserved (CC-BY-NC) https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171587100 It is identified as <em> Paraphymata saileri </em> Kormilev, 1962, a genus and species described from a single specimen from Haiti.","tags":["Taxonomy"],"title":"Type locality confusion in the world of ambush bugs (Heteroptera: Phymatinae)","updated_at":1782327710,"url":"https://larsgw.blogspot.com/2026/06/type-locality-confusion-in-world-of.html","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Paulus","given":"Simon"},{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Bl\u00fcmel","given":"Ina"},{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Wachsmuth","given":"S\u00f6ren"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"db0d8909-9e37-46d0-b16c-0551f575e86b","created":1749772800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Das Blog der TIB \u2013 Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/db0d8909-9e37-46d0-b16c-0551f575e86b/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://blog.tib.eu/feed/atom/","filter":null,"generator":"WordPress","home_page_url":"https://blog.tib.eu/","issn":null,"language":"deu","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.65527","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"tib","status":"active","subfield":"1802","title":"TIB-Blog","updated":1782320864,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"TIB-Blog","blog_slug":"tib","content_html":"<p>Wer im Mittelalter und der Fr\u00fchen Neuzeit etwas auf sich hielt, der f\u00fchrte ein eigenes Wappen oder eine individuelle Marke, mit der er auf Dokumenten oder Urkunden siegelte. Auch bei den Meistern der N\u00fcrnberger Steinmetzbruderschaft war es Brauch, Gutachten oder Pl\u00e4ne mit ihren eigenen Meisterzeichen zu kennzeichnen. Meist geschah das in Form von Blind- oder Pr\u00e4gesiegeln, die mit einem Ring oder Stempel in das Papier eingedr\u00fcckt wurden. In einer an der TIB im <a href=\"https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science\">Open Science Lab</a> in Zusammenarbeit mit dem <a href=\"https://www.igt.uni-hannover.de/baug\">Fachgebiet Bau- und Stadtbaugeschichte</a> der Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover entwickelten <a href=\"https://blog.tib.eu/2024/08/29/wikibase4research-wissensdaten-einfach-verwalten-teilen-und-visualisieren/\">Wikibase</a>-Instanz, dem <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page\">Meistersiegel-Wiki</a>, werden nun erstmals solche Siegel erfasst und systematisch beschrieben.</p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_31853\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31853\" style=\"width: 669px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-31853\" src=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05_Auswahl.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05_Auswahl.jpg 651w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05_Auswahl-300x119.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\" /><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blatt gr D Z 1: 5, Sammlung A. Haupt</figcaption></figure>\n<h2>Die N\u00fcrnberger Proberisse \u2013 besondere Zeugnisse der Steinmetzausbildung</h2>\n<p>Als Corpus f\u00fcr die Erfassung dient ein bisher kaum von der Forschung wahrgenommenes Konvolut von 34 Bl\u00e4ttern mit sogenannten \"Proberissen\", das sich in der Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zusammengetragenen Sammlung des Hannoveraner Bauhistorikers und Architekten Albrecht Haupt (1852-1932) erhalten hat.</p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_31855\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31855\" style=\"width: 301px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-31855\" src=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-749x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"301\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-749x1024.jpg 749w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-220x300.jpg 220w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-768x1050.jpg 768w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-1124x1536.jpg 1124w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-1498x2048.jpg 1498w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web.jpg 1647w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" /><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31855\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blatt gr D Z 1: 5, Slg. A. Haupt</figcaption></figure>\n<p>Diese Risse entstanden im Rahmen des Meisterst\u00fccks, das der Geselle zur Erlangung des Meisterstatus anzufertigen hatte und zeigen musterhafte Entw\u00fcrfe und Konstruktionen von Gew\u00f6lbeanlagen und Geb\u00e4uden. Schon fr\u00fch wurden diese Bl\u00e4tter in das Umfeld der N\u00fcrnberger Steinmetzbruderschaft eingeordnet, ohne jedoch im Hinblick auf ihre Provenienz und Zusammensetzung genauer betrachtet worden zu sein.</p>\n<p>Als Architektur- und Werkzeichnungen, die im Kontext der Steinmetzlehre angefertigt wurden, sind sie besondere Zeugnisse der handwerklichen Ausbildung im Bauwesen in der \u00dcbergangszeit ab dem Sp\u00e4tmittelalter bis zur Aufl\u00f6sung des Zunftwesens Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts.</p>\n<p>Die zahlreichen, auf den Bl\u00e4ttern oft kaum sichtbaren Blindsiegel der pr\u00fcfenden Meister machen sie zu einem besonderen Studienobjekt, zumal es sich um ein individuelles \u2013 bislang nur f\u00fcr die N\u00fcrnberger Steinmetzbruderschaft nachweisbares \u2212 Ph\u00e4nomen handelt.</p>\n<p>Im Rahmen des von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) gef\u00f6rderten Projekts zur Erschlie\u00dfung der umfangreichen, heute in der TIB aufbewahrten Sammlung Haupts (<a href=\"https://projects.tib.eu/haupt\">GESAH</a>) ist das Konvolut der Proberisse Bestandteil einer Tiefenerschlie\u00dfung und diente mit seinen Meistersiegel- bzw. Meisterstempelabdr\u00fccken als Fallstudie zur Verkn\u00fcpfung mit der Forschungsdateninfrastruktur von NFDI4Culture.</p>\n<h2>Das Meistersiegel-Wiki</h2>\n<p>Die neue <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page\">Wikibase-Datenbank zu den Meistersiegeln</a> erfasst s\u00e4mtliche Siegelmotive, die sich als Blindsiegel-Pr\u00e4gungen auf den Bl\u00e4ttern erhalten haben. Mit ihrer Erfassung lassen sich Beziehungen der Siegler untereinander und zeitliche Entstehungszusammenh\u00e4nge innerhalb der Bl\u00e4tter, aber auch zu dar\u00fcber hinaus vorhandenen Quellenmaterialien nachvollziehen.</p>\n<p>Vorbereitend f\u00fcr die Erfassung der N\u00fcrnberger Meistersiegel in einer eigenen <a href=\"https://blog.tib.eu/2024/08/29/wikibase4research-wissensdaten-einfach-verwalten-teilen-und-visualisieren/\">Wikibase-Instanz</a> wurden alle erkennbaren Siegelabdr\u00fccke umgezeichnet, in ihren jeweiligen Charakteristika, Kombinationen und Gruppierungen tabellarisch aufgenommen und beschrieben. F\u00fcr die Beschreibungen der auf den Siegeln enthaltenen Steinmetz- und Hausmarken wurden eigene, auf der Fachterminologie der Blasonierung basierende Kategorien entwickelt und ein umfangreiches fachspezifisches <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Glossar\">Glossar</a> angelegt. Insgesamt lie\u00dfen sich auf diese Weise <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page\">18 unterschiedliche Siegel</a> auf den Bl\u00e4ttern identifizieren und beschreiben, drei weitere konnten nur im rudiment\u00e4ren Zustand erfasst werden. Weitere neun Siegelmotive wurden aus der historischen Literatur in die Aufstellung \u00fcbernommen.</p>\n<p>Im Abgleich mit den im Zuge der Archiv- und Literaturquellen ermittelten \u00fcber 150 belegbaren Meister konnte ein Gro\u00dfteil der Siegler identifiziert werden. \u00dcber die \u00fcberlieferte Kombination der Siegel wurden so genauere entstehungsgeschichtliche Zusammenh\u00e4nge sichtbar, die unter anderem zur Korrektur der zeitlichen Einordnung und Reihenfolge von bislang nur \u00fcber die Wasserzeichen grob datierbaren Zeichnungen f\u00fchrte.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31854 alignright\" src=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Wikiseite_MS-002-SAH-542x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"296\" height=\"432\" /></p>\n<p>F\u00fcr den Aufbau der Wikibase wurden Klassifizierungen und Unterklassifizierungen vorgenommen, die ein bestm\u00f6gliche und anschauliche Darstellung der Bez\u00fcge zwischen Siegel, Sieglern, den jeweiligen Tr\u00e4gern, ihren inhaltlichen und formalen Merkmalen (zum Beispiel Wasserzeichen) erlauben.</p>\n<p>F\u00fcr die Siegel wurden zun\u00e4chst feste IDs vergeben. Basierend auf den beschreibenden Properties Siegeln lassen sich \u00fcber sogenannte Qualifiers komplexere Merkmale und Aussagen zu Siegel und siegelf\u00fchrender Person angeben und verkn\u00fcpfen. Weitere Informationen zu Objekten und Personen (zum Beispiel Referenzen auf Archiv- und Literaturquellen oder Bemerkungen zur Identifizierung der Siegel) k\u00f6nnen durch eine Kommentarfunktion erg\u00e4nzend hinzugef\u00fcgt werden. Bei den Werkeintr\u00e4gen im Vitro/SAH-Portal ist ein direktes Referenzieren auf die IDs der Marken m\u00f6glich. Gleichzeitig sind \u00fcber die Wiki-Base direkte Verweise auf die Pl\u00e4ne mit ihren Werkeintr\u00e4gen im <a href=\"https://sah.tib.eu/\">SAH-Portal</a> angelegt.</p>\n<p>Eine Besonderheit ist das mit Piktogrammen unterst\u00fctzte <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Glossar\">Glossar</a>, das als begleitendes Corpus zu den beschreibenden Feldern der Siegelmotive und der Zusammensetzung der jeweiligen Marken herangezogen werden kann. Es beruht auf einem vereinheitlichten Fachvokabular (angelehnt an das Vokabular der Blasonierung f\u00fcr Hausmarken),\u00a0auf das nun generell referenziert werden kann.</p>\n<p>Durch die fokussierte Betrachtung eines einzelnen \u2013 leicht \u00fcbersehbaren \u2013 Ph\u00e4nomens auf den N\u00fcrnberger \"Proberissen\" k\u00f6nnen nun neue Einsichten in die Geschichte und Entwicklung des Bauhandwerks und der Baupraxis in der Fr\u00fchen Neuzeit gewonnen werden. Gleichzeitig wurde eine Wissensdatenbank im Kontext von <a href=\"https://nfdi4culture.de/de/dienste/details/wikibase4research.html\">NFDI4Culture</a> aufgebaut, die mit ihren gesammelten Daten im Linked-Data-Format \u00f6ffentlich zug\u00e4nglich und verkn\u00fcpfbar ist und in Zukunft weiter kollaborativ bearbeitet und erweitert werden kann.</p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65527/50jfn-h6h85","guid":"https://blog.tib.eu/?p=31852","image":"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05_Auswahl.jpg","language":"de","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1778457600,"rid":"dfpmr-0p714","summary":"Wer im Mittelalter und der Fr\u00fchen Neuzeit etwas auf sich hielt, der f\u00fchrte ein eigenes Wappen oder eine individuelle Marke, mit der er auf Dokumenten oder Urkunden siegelte. Auch bei den Meistern der N\u00fcrnberger Steinmetzbruderschaft war es Brauch, Gutachten oder Pl\u00e4ne mit ihren eigenen Meisterzeichen zu kennzeichnen \u2013 meist in Form von Blind- oder Pr\u00e4gesiegeln, die mit einem Ring oder Stempel in das Papier eingedr\u00fcckt wurden.","tags":["OPENNESS","FORSCHUNG & PROJEKTE","Wissen Verbinden","Lizenz:CC-BY-4.0-INT","Open Science Lab"],"title":"Eingepr\u00e4gte Geschichte \u2013 das Meistersiegel-Wiki ist online","updated_at":1782322309,"url":"https://blog.tib.eu/2026/05/11/eingepraegte-geschichte-das-meistersiegel-wiki-ist-online/","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Nyrup","given":"Rune"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"989c0e4f-140c-47ca-8db1-8490fb2e89d1","created":1780876800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"British Society for the Philosophy of Science","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/989c0e4f-140c-47ca-8db1-8490fb2e89d1/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://www.thebsps.org/feed/atom/","filter":"category:49","generator":"WordPress","home_page_url":"https://www.thebsps.org/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":null,"slug":"thebsps","status":"active","subfield":"1207","title":"BSPS","updated":1782320504,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"BSPS","blog_slug":"thebsps","content_html":"</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='sub_menu3' class='av-submenu-container main_color  container_wrap sidebar_right'   style='z-index:303'><div class='container av-menu-mobile-disabled '><ul id='av-custom-submenu-3' class='av-subnav-menu av-submenu-pos-center'>\n<li class='menu-item menu-item-top-level  menu-item-top-level-1'><a href='https://www.thebsps.org/reviewofbooks/' ><span class='avia-bullet'></span><span class='avia-menu-text'>Home</span></a></li>\n</ul></div></div>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_9' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-small avia-shadow av-section-color-overlay-active avia-bg-style-scroll   av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-75 container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #2f5280; 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'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #fff8eb; line-height: 1.9; font-family: Futura; font-size: 35px; font-weight: light; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">TRAVIS LACROIX</span><br />\n<span style=\"color: #fff8eb; font-family: Futura; font-size: 55px; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.3; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE VALUE ALIGNMENT PROBLEM</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:5px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section  av-mini-hide\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#444444; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 15px; font-family: Futura; font-weight: 300;\">REVIEWED BY</span><br />\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 20px; font-family: Futura; font-weight: 300;\">Rune Nyrup</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div></div><div id='after_section_9' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_10' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling avia-bg-style-scroll   container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #ffffff; '  ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div style='height:100px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_fourth  flex_column_div first  \" style='padding:0px 0px 0px 30px ; border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem</h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Travis LaCroix</h3>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 style=\"line-height: 1.4;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Reviewed by</span><br />\nRune Nyrup</h4>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a style=\"text-decoration: none; line-height: 1;\" href=\"https://broadviewpress.com/product/artificial-intelligence-and-the-value-alignment-problem/;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem</em>\u00a0<sup>\u25f3</sup></a><br />\nTravis LaCroix<br />\nBroadview Press, 2025, \u00a332.95<br />\nISBN 9781554816293</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:-10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-color: #666666;\">Cite as:<br />\nNyrup, R. (2026). 'Travis LaCroix&#8217;s <em>Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem</em>', <em>BJPS Review of Books</em>,\u00a0<strong>2026</strong>,<br />\ndoi.org/10.59350/a5brt-nfc70</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:-10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<div class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"ImageObject\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><img class='avia_image ' src='https://i0.wp.com/www.thebsps.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/EM-Nyrup.png?fit=199%2C300&ssl=1' alt='' title=''   itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  /></div></div><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<div class='avia-button-wrap avia-button-center '><a href='https://thebsps.us9.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=dac429e327f486e16c1a41c79&amp;id=1ea4909450' class='avia-button avia-button-fullwidth   avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-color-custom '  target=\"_blank\"  style='color:#555555; background-color:#ffffff;  ' ><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left ' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'></span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' ><span style=\"align: left; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Palatino;\">Join the mailing list</span></span><span class='avia_button_background avia-button avia-button-fullwidth avia-color-custom' style='background-color:#ffffff; '></span></a></div><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:40px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div><div class=\"flex_column av_two_third  flex_column_div   \" style='padding:0px 50px 0px 50px ; border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:1px; margin-top:-40px'  class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>'Value alignment' has become an influential concept in the broad, multidisciplinary landscape of AI ethics. Standardly defined, it refers to the challenge of ensuring that AI systems pursue goals or encode values that in some sense match or capture human values and interests. Many researchers, especially (but not exclusively) within computer science and engineering, frame their research as seeking to create value-aligned AI or to solve the value alignment problem.</p>\n<p>The value alignment problem is often motivated in terms of risks posed by hypothetical future technologies, such as artificial general intelligence (that is, systems with flexible, domain-general problem-solving capacities at a level similar to humans) or artificial super-intelligence (that is, systems that vastly exceeds human performance across all domains). Creating such technologies without being able to ensure they pursue goals that match our values, the argument goes, would be catastrophic.<sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#fn1\" name=\"_fn1\">1</a>]</sup> However, there are deep disagreements as to whether this presents an even remotely plausible or urgent threat. Thus, there are also many in AI ethics who dismiss concerns about artificial general and super-intelligence as irrelevant to\u2014or worse: a distraction from\u2014the significant harms and injustices that are already being perpetuated by and with existing technologies.</p>\n<p>Travis LaCroix regards the value alignment problem as 'one of the most pressing issues in AI ethics' (p. 6); however, he does not base this on anything to do with artificial general and super-intelligence. Rather, he sees it as a serious, already occurring problem, encompassing many of the harms that AI systems are currently involved in. His book, <em>Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem</em>, thus seeks to salvage the value alignment problem from its association with artificial general and super-intelligence, and instead connect it to the present-day concerns that animate the broader field of AI ethics.</p>\n<p>To do so, the book promotes a wholesale reconceptualization of the problem. Rejecting the standard definitions, LaCroix instead proposes to model it on the principal\u2013agent problem. In economics, this refers to a class of problems that can arise whenever a given person or entity (the 'principal') delegates authority to act on their behalf to another party (the 'agent'), for example, lawyers acting on behalf of their clients or employees acting on behalf of a company. An important result from economic theory, which LaCroix highlights, is that information asymmetries between agent and principal are usually a key condition for the principal\u2013agent problem to occur, as this asymmetry prevents the principal from negotiating and enforcing contracts effectively. Applying these ideas to AI results in what he calls the structural definition of the value alignment problem. Briefly put, the structural definition defines it as a problem that can arise whenever a human actor (the principal) delegates some tasks to an AI system (the agent). In these cases, value misalignment problems can arise along three 'axes' <sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#fn2\" name=\"_fn2\">2</a>]</sup>:</p>\n<p>(1) Objectives: The AI system is based on proxies that mis-specify or poorly track the principal's true objectives.</p>\n<p>(2) Information: The principal lacks access to relevant information about the AI system (for example, its behaviour, architecture, capabilities, or training data).</p>\n<p>(3) Principals: There are multiple principals (or other stakeholders), whose objectives or access to relevant information differ.</p>\n<p>Notably, this does not directly define what value (mis)alignment is. Instead, it defines the value alignment problem as a broad class of problems, characterized as those that arise from a specific set of structural conditions, namely, 'the dynamics of multi-agent interactions involving the delegation of tasks' by a human principal to an AI system (p. 82). LaCroix uses this definition to advance three broad lines of argument.</p>\n<p>First, he argues that the structural definition is preferable to standard definitions (chapter 3), since it captures 'everything that is conceptually appealing about current research on value alignment' (p. 11), while staying 'grounded in the actual functioning of real-world systems' (p. 7). Among other things, he argues that the structural definition avoids abstract or imprecise claims about AI systems 'pursuing goals' or 'encoding values', or about what counts as the relevant 'human values'. Instead, by replacing these with claims about task delegation, the structural definition allows us to focus on the concrete proxies and informational affordances of real-world AI systems, and how these impact specific principals and stakeholder groups.</p>\n<p>Second, LaCroix seeks to show that on the structural definition, many of the prominent present-day issues that are discussed in broader AI ethics count as instances of the value alignment problem. For example, he construes bias and fairness as part of the objectives axis (chapter 4), transparency as part of the information axis (chapter 5) and 'myriad social issues arising in AI ethics' (p. 90), such as privacy, sustainability and accountability, as involving the principals axis (chapter 6).</p>\n<p>Third, he uses the structural definition to critically evaluate existing approaches to value alignment, highlighting the limitations of methods from a range of different research fields, including AI safety (chapter 7), machine ethics (chapter 8), benchmarking (chapter 9), and linguistics (chapter 10). Many of these criticisms are based on the claim that there is no plausible way to circumvent the principal-relativity built into the structural definition. Thus, LaCroix emphasizes that value alignment should be seen as a fundamentally social problem (p. 84), rather than a purely normative or technical one. On a more optimistic note, he suggests that there are more promising ways to mitigate the problem involving processes like democratic engagement, participatory research, design justice, and regulation (chapter 11).</p>\n<p>Advancing these original, substantive arguments is not the only purpose of the book, however. In fact, it is primarily intended, and written, as a textbook. As the preface acknowledges, the book sits somewhat uneasily between these two aims. I highlight some examples of this tension in the following, which begins with a discussion of the book's pedagogical merits, and then offers some critical comments on the substantive arguments for the structural definition.</p>\n<p>Two features distinguish this book compared to many other AI ethics textbooks. First, it takes a distinctively philosophy of science perspective, emphasizing epistemic and methodological issues involving proxies, transparency, and value-laden research (rather than, say, topics from moral theory, metaphysics, or philosophy of mind). Second, the book grew out of a mandatory course for computer science undergraduates. It thus explains the philosophical issues with minimal jargon and grounds the discussion in a technically precise understanding of modern machine learning and deep neural networks. I happen to be a philosopher of science who teaches mandatory philosophy and ethics courses to computer science undergraduates, so I found both of these features particularly appealing. The book is also, however, entirely suitable for philosophy students. In addition to a good overview of the history of AI (chapter 1), it also contains an admirably clear introduction to the core technical concepts (chapter 2). There are a modest number of equations and some mathematical terminology, but all the important points are illustrated with concrete examples throughout.</p>\n<p>Chapter 3 discusses the limitations of the standard definitions and introduces the structural definition. The remaining main chapters (4\u201311, plus an appendix on the control problem for artificial super-intelligence) are written in the style of concise textbook overviews. Each chapter covers a broad section of the interdisciplinary AI ethics literature, with many short subsections explaining a key concept, argument, or case study. For example, chapter 6 includes subsections on stakeholders, trade-offs, the values encoded in AI research, chatbots and discursive ideals, autonomous vehicles, the 'AI for social good' movement, copyright and creativity, privacy, energy and the environment, differential power dynamics, accountability, and human flourishing\u2014all in the span of twenty pages. While this unavoidably sacrifices some depth, every point is explained clearly and aptly. Those new to interdisciplinary AI ethics, whether students or researchers entering the field, will get a broad and well-informed overview of the research literature, with many relevant further references. It also provides a rich and useful teaching resource. I will definitely re-read the relevant subsections next time I'm preparing to teach a topic in AI ethics.</p>\n<p>The overall structure of the book closely follows LaCroix's substantive philosophical arguments. Discussion of the value alignment problem, the structural definition, and the three axes thus frame and weave through many parts of these chapters. For a course designed to follow LaCroix's take on the field, this is a boon, though it does somewhat constrain the book's usefulness as a more general textbook. Much of the material covered would be very relevant for a broader or differently framed course in AI ethics. But I would probably not assign a selection of chapters without also including chapter 3, or at least spending a decent amount of time in class explaining LaCroix's overall project. Chapters 1 and 2 can easily stand on their own, however.</p>\n<p>Returning to the substantive argument: how compelling is the structural definition as a reconceptualization of the value alignment problem? With regard to the objectives axis, I am fully on board. Reframing the issue in terms of task delegation, proxy problems, and mis-specified objectives neatly captures what is intuitively compelling about the standard definitions. It replaces loose or abstract talk of 'values' and 'goals' being 'aligned' with a concrete, well-defined class of problems, applicable to both existing and future technologies.</p>\n<p>LaCroix motivates the information axis by highlighting results from economics on informational asymmetries in the principal\u2013agent problem, such as moral hazard or adverse selection. Chapter 5 highlights some similarities between these concepts and issues of opacity in AI. There is a sound general point here: One important source of problems involving task delegation arises from the principal lacking access to relevant information about the agent. Thus, we can construe many opacity problems in AI as falling within the broader class of task-delegation problems. However, I'm not convinced there is a deeper analogy with the (human\u2013human) principal\u2013agent problem. For example, in the traditional principal\u2013agent problem, information asymmetries usually involve the agent having access to better information about their own behaviour and capabilities than the principal. But an AI system does not necessarily have access to any information about its own behaviour or capabilities, and may not be able to use such information in anywhere near the same way as a human agent would, so leaning too heavily on these analogies risks introducing unnecessary anthropomorphism.</p>\n<p>On the principals axis, some of the examples LaCroix discusses fit the structural definition well. Platform privacy is a clear case: different stakeholders (users and owners) delegate tasks to the same overall system, but their objectives are served in highly asymmetric ways. However, he also includes within the principals axis negative impacts on wider sets of stakeholders who do not necessarily interact with the AI system directly, such as copyright infringement in generative AI or environmental damage. Stretching the structural definition to encompass these cases isn't compelling. Suppose a child is killed in a mine supplying rare earth minerals for microchips, though she never used or interacted with any of the technologies that are created from these minerals. Clearly, this would be a grave injustice. But do we capture it meaningfully by construing it as a problem involving task delegation? Isn't a core aspect of the injustice exactly that she is completely excluded from the relevant kinds of task delegation?</p>\n<p>Some of these issues seem to arise from the tensions with the pedagogical aims of the book. It is highly relevant for a general textbook in AI ethics\u2014especially one aimed at computer science students\u2014to cover environmental impacts, labour exploitation, unjust artistic appropriation, and so on. Trying to fit this within the project of reconceptualizing the value alignment problem is less promising. More generally, the fact that most chapters focus on textbook overviews means that many of the original arguments end up as interspersed remarks, merely sketched or gestured at.</p>\n<p>Despite these limitations, I think the book contains a crucial and potentially quite powerful insight: many issues in AI ethics can be unified and explicated in terms of their arising from the same set of structural conditions, namely, those that involve human principals delegating tasks to AI systems.<sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#fn3\" name=\"_fn3\">3</a>]</sup> It is less clear what is gained conceptually by using 'the values alignment problem' as a general label for this class of problems. This seems to stretch the term too far beyond its intuitive, pre-theoretic usage. A better option might be to explicate the value alignment problem as equivalent to the objectives axis, and then highlight that this is just one aspect of the broader class of problems. This might be a terminological quibble, but given LaCroix's distaste for imprecise language (which I share), I think it matters.</p>\n<p>In conclusion, I can warmly recommend this book to anyone who wants a comprehensive overview of interdisciplinary AI ethics, as well as anyone who teaches this topic. There is also a wealth of important and original philosophical insights to be found, although many will require significant reconstruction and further refinement to realize their full potential. LaCroix concludes by stating that 'This book is intended as the first word on the subject, rather than the last' (p. 268). I look forward to reading what he has to say next.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Rune Nyrup<br />\nAarhus Universitet<br />\nrune.nyrup@css.au.dk</em></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\n<p><sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_fn1\" name=\"fn1\">1</a>]</sup> Argued very influentially by Bostrom (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Bostrom\" name=\"_Bostrom\">2014</a>), and more recently Yudkowsky and Soares (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Yudkowsky\" name=\"_Yudkowsky\">2025</a>).</p>\n<p><sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_fn2\" name=\"fn2\">2</a>]</sup> These are my reconstructions. For example, LaCroix's official definition (pp. 82, 89) only mentions the AI system's objective function. However, as chapter 4 discusses, there many other kinds of proxy problems that can arise in the machine learning development pipeline.</p>\n<p><sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_fn3\" name=\"fn3\">3</a>]</sup> See also (Evans et al. <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Evans\" name=\"_Evans\">2025</a>), which arrives at similar conclusions via a different line of argument.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>References</strong></p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Bostrom, N. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Bostrom\" name=\"Bostrom\">2014</a>). <em>Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Evans, K. D., Robbins, S. A. and Bryson, J. J. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Evans\" name=\"Evans\">2025</a>). 'Do We Collaborate with What We Design?', <em>Topics in Cognitive Science</em>, <strong>17</strong>, pp. 392\u2013411.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Yudkowsky, E. and Soares, N. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Yudkowsky\" name=\"Yudkowsky\">2025</a>). <em>If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies: The Case Against Superintelligent AI</em>, Little, Brown.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div></div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='after_section_10' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'></div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_11' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling avia-bg-style-scroll   container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #ffffff; '  ><div class='container' ><div 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(2026). 'Travis LaCroix's <em> Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment </em>","tags":["BJPS Review Of Books"],"title":"Travis LaCroix, Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem<br>Reviewed","updated_at":1782322302,"url":"https://www.thebsps.org/reviewofbooks/nyrup-on-lacroix/","version":"v1"}},{"document":{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"DeWitt","given":"Jason"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"989c0e4f-140c-47ca-8db1-8490fb2e89d1","created":1780876800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"British Society for the Philosophy of Science","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/989c0e4f-140c-47ca-8db1-8490fb2e89d1/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://www.thebsps.org/feed/atom/","filter":"category:49","generator":"WordPress","home_page_url":"https://www.thebsps.org/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":null,"slug":"thebsps","status":"active","subfield":"1207","title":"BSPS","updated":1782320504,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"BSPS","blog_slug":"thebsps","content_html":"</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='sub_menu2' class='av-submenu-container main_color  container_wrap sidebar_right'   style='z-index:302'><div class='container av-menu-mobile-disabled '><ul id='av-custom-submenu-2' class='av-subnav-menu av-submenu-pos-center'>\n<li class='menu-item menu-item-top-level  menu-item-top-level-1'><a href='https://www.thebsps.org/reviewofbooks/' ><span class='avia-bullet'></span><span class='avia-menu-text'>Home</span></a></li>\n</ul></div></div>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_5' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-small avia-shadow av-section-color-overlay-active avia-bg-style-scroll   av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-75 container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #2f5280; 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'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #fff8eb; font-family: Futura; font-size: 35px; font-weight: light; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">MARK POVICH</span><br />\n<span style=\"color: #fff8eb; font-family: Futura; font-size: 70px; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.3; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">RULES TO INFINITY</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:5px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section  av-mini-hide\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#444444; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 15px; font-family: Futura; font-weight: 300;\">REVIEWED BY</span><br />\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 25px; font-family: Futura; font-weight: 300;\">Jason DeWitt</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div></div><div id='after_section_5' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_6' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling avia-bg-style-scroll   container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #ffffff; '  ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div style='height:100px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_fourth  flex_column_div first  \" style='padding:0px 0px 0px 30px ; border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Rules to Infinity</h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Mark Povich</h3>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 style=\"line-height: 1.4;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Reviewed by</span><br />\nJason DeWitt</h4>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a style=\"text-decoration: none; line-height: 1;\" href=\"https://academic.oup.com/book/58949;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Rules to Infinity: The Normative Role of Mathematics in Scientific Explanation</em><sup>\u00a0\u25f3</sup></a><br />\nMark Povich<br />\nOxford University Press, 2025, \u00a359.00 / OA<br />\nISBN 9780197679005 / 9780197679036</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:-10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-color: #666666;\">Cite as:<br />\nDeWitt, J. (2026). 'Mark Povich&#8217;s <em>Rules to Infinity</em>', <em>BJPS Review of Books</em>,\u00a0<strong>2026</strong>,<br />\ndoi.org/10.59350/3nzp9-zxz98</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:-10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<div class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"ImageObject\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><img class='avia_image ' src='https://i0.wp.com/www.thebsps.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/EM-DeWitt.png?fit=199%2C300&ssl=1' alt='' title=''   itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  /></div></div><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<div class='avia-button-wrap avia-button-center '><a href='https://thebsps.us9.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=dac429e327f486e16c1a41c79&amp;id=1ea4909450' class='avia-button avia-button-fullwidth   avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-color-custom '  target=\"_blank\"  style='color:#555555; background-color:#ffffff;  ' ><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left ' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'></span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' ><span style=\"align: left; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Palatino;\">Join the mailing list</span></span><span class='avia_button_background avia-button avia-button-fullwidth avia-color-custom' style='background-color:#ffffff; '></span></a></div><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:40px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div><div class=\"flex_column av_two_third  flex_column_div   \" style='padding:0px 25px 0px 25px ; border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:1px; margin-top:-40px'  class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The goal of Mark Povich's <em>Rules to Infinity</em> is to develop a novel account of distinctively mathematical explanations and, along the way, to elaborate, defend, and extend the neo-Carnapian programme of normativism (Thomasson <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Thomasson\" name=\"_Thomasson\">2020</a>) to philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of science.</p>\n<p>Let me focus on his account of distinctively mathematical explanations first. These are explanations of natural phenomena where the mathematics bestows upon the explanandum a kind of necessity that mere effects of causes do not possess (p. 2). Consider Lange's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Lange\" name=\"_Lange\">2013</a>) trefoil knot case. Terry failed to untie his knot. What explains this failure? The 'empirical fact that Terry's knot is a trefoil knot and the mathematical (knot theoretic) fact that the trefoil knot is distinct from the unknot (i.e., mathematically cannot be untied)' (2013, p. 28). There 'are no admissible moves of twisting, lifting, or crossing strands without cutting them [\u2026] that can transform the trefoil knot into the unknot' (2013, p. 28). This mathematical impossibility, along with the fact that Terry's knot is in fact a trefoil knot, jointly explain his failure. This is a distinctively mathematical explanation of a natural fact.</p>\n<p>In chapters 2, 3, and 4, Povich develops his novel account of distinctively mathematical explanations: the narrow ontic counterfactual account (NOCA). Chapter 2 lays out three desiderata that any philosophical account of distinctively mathematical explanations should satisfy, and argues that Lange's (2013) and Baron's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Baron16\" name=\"_Baron16\">2016</a>, <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Baron19\" name=\"_Baron19\">2019</a>) accounts do not satisfy one or more of them: First, the modal desideratum: A distinctively mathematical explanation should explain why the explanandum is modally robust. Terry could not have succeeded in untying his trefoil knot. Second, the distinctiveness desideratum: A distinctively mathematical explanations should be distinguishable from cases where mathematics merely features in an explanation without bestowing necessity. Third, the directionality desideratum: A distinctively mathematical explanation should run in one direction only. Just as Bromberger's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Bromberger\" name=\"_Bromberger\">1966</a>) flagpole case shows that on the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, the height of the flagpole is explained by the length of its shadow, Craver and Povich (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Craver\" name=\"_Craver\">2017</a>) have argued that explanations such as those in the trefoil knot case can be problematically 'reversed', and a good account of distinctively mathematical explanations must rule this out. According to Craver and Povich, the directionality constraint comes from the fact that reversed mathematical explanations intuitively strike us as non-explanatory. It would be very strange, for instance, to claim that Terry&#8217;s failure to untie his knot is what explains why the trefoil knot is mathematically distinct from the unknot.</p>\n<p>Chapter 3 argues, <em>contra</em> Reutlinger (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Reutlinger\" name=\"_Reutlinger\">2014</a>) and Batterman and Rice (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Batterman\" name=\"_Batterman\">2014</a>), that renormalization group explanations are not distinctively mathematical explanations, but are a kind of (not necessarily causal) ontic explanation. Chapter 4 opens with a nice counter-mathematical from Jimi Hendrix: 'if 6 turned out to be 9, I don't mind. I don't mind'. This is the essential chapter, in which Povich develops NOCA. NOCA falls under Povich's generalized ontic conception of explanation, which claims that all explanations, causal and non-causal, count as explanations in virtue of allowing us to answer what-if-things-had-been-different questions (w-questions) about the explanandum (p. 94). That is, an explanation represents an ontic relation of counterfactual dependence holding between explanandum and explanans (p. 3).</p>\n<p>NOCA claims that an explanation is a distinctively mathematical explanation just in case an empirical fact (weakly) necessarily depends counterfactually only on a mathematical fact (p. 97). This means that were the relevant mathematical fact different, the empirical fact would have been different too. The '(weakly) necessarily' qualifier means that this counterfactual dependence must hold at every world where the empirical fact obtains, rather than at every possible world.</p>\n<p>Why is this qualifier needed? The directionality desideratum requires that NOCA count the forward explanandum as a distinctively mathematical explanation while ruling out the reversed one. The problem is that both seem to follow from the same mathematical fact that the trefoil knot is distinct from the unknot. If Terry has a trefoil knot, it follows that he cannot untie it. But it equally follows that if Terry untied his knot, it was not a trefoil knot. Both the forward explanandum (Terry failed to untie his trefoil knot) and the reversed explanandum (the knot Terry untied is not a trefoil knot) are thus consequences of the same mathematical fact. A bare counterfactual account cannot distinguish them, since counterfactuals are evaluated world by world, and there will be worlds where the forward explanandum fails to counterfactually depend on the mathematical fact (for instance, a world where Terry is hit by a bus before attempting to untie his knot) and worlds where the reversed explanandum does (p. 99).</p>\n<p>Povich&#8217;s solution recasts the trefoil knot case in terms of states of affairs rather than events (p. 100). An event is something that happens, like a glass falling off a table. A state of affairs is a matter of how things stand, like the glass being broken on the floor. In the trefoil knot case, the event is Terry&#8217;s failing to untie his knot, and the relevant state of affairs is Terry&#8217;s trefoil knot being distinct from the unknot. This distinction matters because states of affairs and events behave differently when we ask whether their counterfactual dependence on a mathematical fact is stable across worlds. When the case is recast this way, the forward and reversed explananda come apart. The forward state of affairs is that Terry&#8217;s trefoil knot is distinct from the unknot. The reversed state of affairs is that Terry&#8217;s untieable knot is not a trefoil knot.</p>\n<p>Now consider what happens when we ask, at every world where each of these facts obtains, whether the relevant counterfactual dependence holds. The counterfactual is: were the trefoil knot isotopic to the unknot, Terry&#8217;s knot would have been isotopic to the unknot too. This counterfactual holds at every world where Terry has a trefoil knot because if the trefoil knot were isotopic to the unknot, then anything that is a trefoil knot would inherit that property, including Terry&#8217;s knot. The forward explanandum thus weakly necessarily counterfactually depends on the mathematical fact.</p>\n<p>The same is not true of the reversed explanandum. There are worlds where Terry&#8217;s untieable knot is not a trefoil knot, but where the relevant counterfactual fails to hold: worlds, for instance, where Terry unties a different kind of knot entirely, one that has nothing to do with the trefoil. In those worlds, the fact that Terry&#8217;s untieable knot is not a trefoil knot does not counterfactually depend on the mathematical fact about the trefoil. The reversed explanandum therefore does not weakly necessarily counterfactually depend on the mathematical fact (p. 101). This is how NOCA satisfies the directionality desideratum. NOCA's counterfactual dependence needs an underlying ontic relation too, and Povich's preferred candidate is instantiation: the concrete object instantiates the abstract mathematical object and inherits its properties, which is naturally asymmetric and explains why the dependence is weakly necessary.</p>\n<p>That's the first half of the book. The second half, minus the interlude of chapter 7 (based on Povich and Dan Burnston's forthcoming work on a 'fully inferential theory' of the content of mathematical models in science), is devoted to developing and defending meta-ontological deflationism. Chapter 5 'deflates' NOCA by showing how modal normativism (as developed by Amie Thomasson <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Thomasson\" name=\"_Thomasson\">2020</a>) can be extended to NOCA in a way that allows NOCA to block explanatory indispensability arguments for Platonism while maintaining its ontic bite. Chapter 6 defends a broadly inferentialist account of the conceptual content of mathematics and contains his defence of the compatibility of normativism, semantic deflationism, and inferentialism with truth-conditional semantics. Chapter 8 compares his mathematical normativism to Warren's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Warren\" name=\"_Warren\">2020</a>) conventionalism, Fieldian fictionalism (Field <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Field\" name=\"_Field\">2022</a>), and Linnebo's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Linnebo\" name=\"_Linnebo\">2018</a>) brand of neo-Fregeanism. Povich argues that his mathematical normativism and Warren's conventionalism are mostly compatible, that Field is wrong to think conventionalism is equivalent to fictionalism, and that the normativist can accept neo-Fregean abstraction principles with analyticity alone.</p>\n<p>The most exciting sections of the second half, for readers interested in meta-ontology, philosophy of language, and neo-pragmatist approaches, are in chapters 5 and 6. Let me focus on those now. Traditionally, distinctively mathematical explanations have been employed in enhanced indispensability arguments for mathematical Platonism. Though Povich maintains the existence of distinctively mathematical explanations and maintains a generalized ontic conception of explanation, he will 'normativistically' deflate any arguments for Platonism that could follow from his view.</p>\n<p>Modal normativism holds that necessity claims do not describe modal facts but rather express conceptual or semantic rules, or their consequences. 'All bachelors are unmarried' is not a description of a modal reality but an object-language expression of a rule governing the term 'bachelor'. Povich extends this to mathematical necessity: claims like '2 + 2 = 4' express semantic rules governing mathematical terms, and counter-mathematicals are 'counterconceptual' statements expressing the consequences of revising the semantic rules for our mathematical terms (p. 129). On this reading, 'were the trefoil knot isotopic to the unknot, Terry's trefoil knot would have been isotopic to the unknot' is interpreted counter-conceptually: it expresses what would follow if we adopted revised semantic rules governing 'trefoil knot'. The conclusion of chapter 5 is that the Platonistic language of NOCA, in terms of objects, instantiation, and mathematical necessity, can be retained while being stripped of any substantive ontological commitment to mathematical Platonism.</p>\n<p>In chapter 5.5, Povich argues that deflating NOCA carries no cost to explanatory power or to ontic status. The explanatory power thread is handled via Woodward&#8217;s (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Woodward\" name=\"_Woodward\">2003</a>) w-question criterion, according to which an explanation's power is measured by the range of what-if-things-had-been-different questions it can answer. Since the normativist can accept or deny every counterfactual the Platonist can, the two views are explanatorily equivalent. The more philosophically loaded thread concerns ontic status, and it is here that the chapter's most interesting move occurs. Povich responds to Kuorikoski's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Kuorikoski\" name=\"_Kuorikoski\">2021</a>) same-object condition objection: Platonic accounts cannot satisfy the Woodwardian requirement that counterfactual reasoning concerns the same object under different conditions, since there is no stipulation-independent way to distinguish changing a mathematical object's properties from contemplating an altogether different object. The normativist's escape route is to locate the persisting object not in the mathematical realm, but in the term or concept, individuated syntactically (p. 151). An intervention on the concept 'trefoil knot', via interventions on brains, social conventions, or evolutionary history, changes its governing semantic rules while leaving the syntactic item intact, thereby satisfying the same-object condition. The resulting dependence relation Povich calls 'counterconceptual causal' explanation, and his conclusion is striking: distinctively mathematical explanation just is counter-conceptual causal explanation (p. 152). This move is elegant, but syntactic individuation of concepts is doing a lot of philosophical work. The claim that a concept genuinely persists through revision of its governing rules will be resisted from multiple directions. There are many philosophers who will maintain that, at least to some degree, meaning change constitutes concept change. The mathematical normativist needs more to speak to these parties.</p>\n<p>Chapter 6.3 is among the most illuminating passages in the book for readers coming from philosophy of language and the broadly neo-pragmatist tradition. Its organizing move is to distinguish normativism as a functional thesis, truth-conditional semantics as a semantic thesis, and inferentialism as a meta-semantic thesis. This tripartite division of labour dissolves a cluster of <em>prima facie</em> objections: that normativism must give up a compositional theory of meaning, that a homogeneous semantics for mathematical and non-mathematical discourse requires Platonism, and so on. Each of these objections, Povich argues, trades on a conflation of levels. Once semantics, meta-semantics, and function are properly distinguished, and truth-conditions carefully separated from truthmakers, the apparent inconsistencies dissolve.</p>\n<p>I want to question this wedge Povich drives between truth-conditions and truthmakers. He claims that the semanticist's truth-conditions are not necessarily the same thing as the metaphysician's truthmakers, and that it is a 'pernicious confusion' to demand that they coincide (p. 187). I think his arguments here are forceful and well motivated. But they prompt a question that this section does not fully settle. If mathematical claims are expressions of semantic and conceptual rules, rather than descriptions of a mind-independent domain, what distinguishes a true mathematical claim from a false one? The answer seems to be that a true claim correctly expresses a conceptual rule actually in force. But if so, conceptual-rules-actually-in-force \u00a0are playing something like the role truthmakers are supposed to play. A related pressure concerns the normativist's strategy for resisting collapse into old-school conventionalism. The worry is that conventionalism renders mathematical necessity merely contingent. If '2 + 2 = 4' is true only because of our conceptual rules, it could have been false had we adopted different rules. The normativist response is a rigidifying move: when we evaluate counter-conceptual conditionals, we hold fixed our own conceptual standards, so that 'were 2 + 2 = 5 our rule, 2 + 2 would equal 5' comes out false when assessed from our standpoint. This secures necessity, but one might press on what licenses this asymmetry. Why are we rather than the imagined community entitled to hold our standards fixed? The natural answer is that because we are the ones asking the question and deploying our concepts, we get to rigidify our conceptual rules. But is this just pragmatic stipulation or does it quietly reintroduce a privileged standpoint from which some rules are the genuinely correct ones, which edges back toward the Platonism that this view was designed to avoid? These are sketches of objections rather than fully fleshed-out arguments, raised in the spirit of identifying where the neo-Carnapian normativist's deepest commitments lie and where future work from the normativist camp could profitably focus.</p>\n<p>These are questions <em>Rules to Infinity</em> itself helps to open up, which is a mark in its favour. It is an ambitious and unificatory book. Povich brings together a detailed technical account of mathematical explanation, a carefully argued meta-ontological deflationism, and a sophisticated philosophy of language, and shows that these fit together into a coherent and well-motivated whole. Readers across all three areas will find much to engage with.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Jason DeWitt<br />\nOhio State University<br />\ndewitt.197@osu.edu<br />\n</em></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>References</strong></p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Baron, S. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Baron16\" name=\"Baron16\">2016</a>). 'Explaining Mathematical Explanation', <em>Philosophical Quarterly</em>, <strong>66</strong>, pp. 548\u201380.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Baron, S. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Baron19\" name=\"Baron19\">2019</a>). 'Mathematical Explanation by Law', <em>British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>70</strong>, pp. 683\u2013717.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Batterman, R. and Rice, C. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Batterman\" name=\"Batterman\">2014</a>). 'Minimal Model Explanations', <em>Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>81</strong>, pp. 349\u201376.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Bromberger, S. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Bromberger\" name=\"Bromberger\">1966</a>). 'Why Questions', in R. G. Colodny (<em>ed</em>.), <em>Mind and Cosmos</em>, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 86\u2013111.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Craver, C. and Povich, M. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Craver\" name=\"Craver\">2017</a>). 'The Directionality of Distintinctively Mathematical Explanations', <em>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science A</em>, <strong>63</strong>, pp. 31\u201338.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Field, H. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Field\" name=\"Field\">2022</a>). 'Conventionalism About Mathematics and Logic', <em>No\u00fbs</em>, <strong>57</strong>, pp. 815\u201331.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Kuorikoski, J. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Kuorikoski\" name=\"Kuorikoski\">2021</a>). 'There Are No Mathematical Explanations', <em>Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>88</strong>, pp. 189\u2013212.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Lange, M. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Lange\" name=\"Lange\">2013</a>). 'What Makes a Scientific Explanation Distinctively Mathematical?' <em>British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>64</strong>, pp. 485\u2013511.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Linnebo, \u00d8. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Linnebo\" name=\"Linnebo\">2018</a>). <em>Thin Objects: An Abstractionist Account</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Reutlinger, A. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Reutlinger\" name=\"Reutlinger\">2014</a>). 'Why Is There Universal Macrobehavior? Renormalization Group Explanation as Noncausal Explanation', <em>Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>81</strong>, pp. 1157\u201370.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Thomasson, A. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Thomasson\" name=\"Thomasson\">2020</a>). <em>Norms and Necessity</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Warren, J. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Warren\" name=\"Warren\">2020</a>). <em>Shadows of Syntax: Revitalizing Logical and Mathematical Conventionalism</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Woodward, J. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Woodward\" name=\"Woodward\">2003</a>). <em>Making Things Happen</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div></div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='after_section_6' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'></div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_7' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling avia-bg-style-scroll   container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #ffffff; '  ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small 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(2026). 'Mark Povich's <em> Rules to Infinity </em> ', <em> BJPS Review of Books </em> , <strong> 2026 </strong> ,","tags":["BJPS Review Of Books"],"title":"Mark Povich, Rules to Infinity<br>Reviewed","updated_at":1782322301,"url":"https://www.thebsps.org/reviewofbooks/dewitt-on-povich/","version":"v1"}}],"items":[{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"name":"Atarraya"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"f17066f5-0dbf-48d0-a413-b22a79861a94","created":1723852800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Nuestras historias","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/f17066f5-0dbf-48d0-a413-b22a79861a94/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://blogatarraya.com/feed/atom/","filter":null,"generator":"Other","home_page_url":"https://blogatarraya.com","issn":null,"language":"spa","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"atarraya","status":"active","subfield":"1202","title":"BLOG ATARRAYA","updated":1781807955,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"BLOG ATARRAYA","blog_slug":"atarraya","content_html":"<div></div>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/d5dfv-npf07","guid":"https://blogatarraya.com/?p=6945","language":"es","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782086400,"rid":"qz2jb-c2f60","tags":["Historia De La Iglesia","Historia De La Prensa","Historia Pol\u00edtica","N\u00famero 30"],"title":"Entre la fe y la rebeld\u00eda: los sacerdotes que desafiaron a la Iglesia en Zacatecas a mediados del siglo XIX","updated_at":1782423828,"url":"https://blogatarraya.com/2026/06/22/entre-la-fe-y-la-rebeldia-los-sacerdotes-que-desafiaron-a-la-iglesia-en-zacatecas-a-mediados-del-siglo-xix/","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"affiliation":[{"id":"https://ror.org/02mb95055","name":"Birkbeck, University of London"}],"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Eve","given":"Martin Paul","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-8511"}],"blog":{"authors":[{"name":"Martin Paul Eve","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5589-8511"}],"community_id":"9224b0d7-fc03-497c-9c6f-85c9fd1e72da","created":1690329600,"current_feed_url":null,"description":null,"favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/9224b0d7-fc03-497c-9c6f-85c9fd1e72da/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://eve.gd/feed_all.xml","filter":null,"generator":"Jekyll","home_page_url":"https://eve.gd","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59348","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"eve","status":"active","subfield":"1208","title":"Martin Paul Eve","updated":1782412379,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"Martin Paul Eve","blog_slug":"eve","content_html":"<p>This is a quick \"how-to\" post because I learned something about Zotero. I want the posts on this site to be easily citeable. The name of the site that I would like in citations is \"eve.gd: Martin Paul Eve\". But here's the problem: when you put that as a Blog Title (or Website Title) and then go to cite it in a document, the CSL reformats it to the ugly \"Eve.Gd: Martin Paul Eve\". Anyway, I found how to fix this! You simply encode it thus:</p>\n<pre><code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;eve.gd&lt;/span&gt;: Martin Paul Eve \n</code></pre>\n<p>Then the CSL will preserve your original case. <code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;bell hooks&lt;/span&gt;</code> might have found this useful, as might <code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;andr\u00e9 carrington&lt;/span&gt;</code>.</p>\n<p>Mind you, those two are jokes only, as Zotero automatically preserves the casing of author names.</p>\n<p>The next challenge that I faced was: how do you get an item into Zotero with the \"Blog Post\" type when you are running a static-site generator? Well, obviously, you have to embed meta tags, but which ones?</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-key-force-the-item-type-with-zoteroitemtype\">The key: force the item type with <code>zotero:itemType</code></h2>\n<p>Genre/OpenGraph hints alone are unreliable \u2014 <code>prism.genre=blogentry</code> is <em>supposed</em> to map to Blog Post, but in practice Zotero kept importing posts as <strong>Web Page</strong> (the OpenGraph default won). The dependable fix is Zotero's own RDFa override, <code>zotero:itemType</code>, which is read <strong>first</strong> in the translator's type precedence (<code>t.zotero || t.bib || t.prism || \u2026 || t.og || \u2026</code> in <code>RDF.js</code>) and beats everything else.</p>\n<p>Two parts are required, because <code>zotero</code> is <strong>not</strong> a built-in prefix in the translator (only the short <code>z</code> is), so it must be declared:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Declare the prefix on the <code>&lt;html&gt;</code> element (the translator's <code>getPrefixes</code> reads the <code>prefix</code> attribute of <code>&lt;html&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;head&gt;</code>):</p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-html\">&lt;html lang=\"en\" prefix=\"og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# zotero: http://www.zotero.org/namespaces/export#\"&gt;\n</code></pre>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Emit the override (note <code>property=</code>, not <code>name=</code>):</p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-html\">&lt;meta property=\"zotero:itemType\" content=\"blogPost\"&gt;\n</code></pre>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p>The <code>prefix</code> value is RDFa syntax: <code>prefix: uri</code> pairs separated by spaces (a space <strong>after</strong> each colon is required by the parser's <code>(\\w+):\\s+(\\S+)</code> regex).</p>\n<h2 id=\"required-tags\">Required tags</h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tag</th>\n<th>Value</th>\n<th>Effect</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>&lt;html prefix=\"\u2026zotero: http://www.zotero.org/namespaces/export#\"&gt;</code></td>\n<td>(declaration)</td>\n<td>Registers the <code>zotero</code> prefix so the next tag is understood.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>zotero:itemType</code> <em>(property)</em></td>\n<td><code>blogPost</code></td>\n<td><strong>Forces item type \u2192 Blog Post.</strong> Highest-priority signal.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>prism.publicationName</code></td>\n<td><code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;eve.gd&lt;/span&gt;: Martin Paul Eve</code></td>\n<td><strong>Blog Title.</strong> Read before <code>og:site_name</code>. The <code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;</code> is CSL markup so styles don't title-case <code>eve.gd</code> into <code>Eve.Gd</code>.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>og:title</code></td>\n<td>post title</td>\n<td><strong>Title.</strong> Use OpenGraph/<code>dc.title</code>, <strong>not</strong> <code>citation_title</code> (see below).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_author</code></td>\n<td><code>Eve, Martin Paul</code></td>\n<td><strong>Author</strong> (<code>Last, First</code>; repeat for multiple).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_publication_date</code></td>\n<td><code>2022/07/26</code></td>\n<td><strong>Date</strong> (<code>YYYY/MM/DD</code>).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_doi</code></td>\n<td><code>10.59348/kv1zh-wn208</code></td>\n<td><strong>DOI</strong> (bare, not a URL).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_public_url</code></td>\n<td><code>https://eve.gd/2022/07/26/.../</code></td>\n<td><strong>URL</strong> (absolute).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_language</code></td>\n<td><code>en</code></td>\n<td><strong>Language.</strong></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2 id=\"secondary--belt-and-braces\">Secondary / belt-and-braces</h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tag</th>\n<th>Purpose</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>prism.genre</code> = <code>blogentry</code></td>\n<td>Secondary type hint (kept in case <code>zotero:itemType</code> is ever ignored).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>dc.title</code> / <code>dc.creator</code> / <code>dc.date</code> / <code>dc.language</code></td>\n<td>Dublin Core fallbacks for other reference tools.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2 id=\"tags-to-avoid-for-a-blog-post\">Tags to AVOID for a blog post</h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tag</th>\n<th>Problem</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_journal_title</code></td>\n<td><strong>Forces</strong> the <code>journalArticle</code> type.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>citation_title</code></td>\n<td>Makes the translator <strong>guess</strong> <code>journalArticle</code>. Supply the title via <code>og:title</code> / <code>dc.title</code> instead.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<h2 id=\"notes\">Notes</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><code>og:site_name</code> stays clean (<code>eve.gd: Martin Paul Eve</code>, no markup) because it also drives social-card previews; the case-protected title rides in <code>prism.publicationName</code>, which Zotero reads first.</li>\n<li><code>&lt;span class=\"nocase\"&gt;\u2026&lt;/span&gt;</code> is one of Zotero's allowed rich-text tags, so it survives import; Zotero's item pane may show the raw markup in the field even though citations render correctly.</li>\n<li>After changing these tags, <strong>Reset Translators</strong> in Zotero (Preferences \u2192 Advanced) and test on the deployed page, since the connector caches translators.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>So this should now work!</p>\n<p>I must also add my thanks to Tom Elliott, whose <a href=\"https://paregorios.org/posts/2018/05/zotero_nikola_harmony/\">own blog post on this subject</a> gave me the information I needed to get the Blog Post type working. It is a shame that he stopped posting on his blog in 2020. I hope all is OK with him, but there are lots of interesting digital humanities posts on his site, on eclectic topics.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://eve.gd/2026/06/23/making-blog-posts-harvestable-by-zotero-and-preserving-case-in-citation-fields/\">Making blog posts harvestable by Zotero and preserving case in citation fields</a> was originally published by Martin Paul Eve at <a href=\"https://eve.gd\">Martin Paul Eve</a> on June 23, 2026.</p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59348/vrt01-f3b49","guid":"https://doi.org/10.59348/vrt01-f3b49","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782172800,"rid":"11809-0cg45","summary":"This is a quick \"how-to\" post because I learned something about Zotero. I want the posts on this site to be easily citeable. The name of the site that I would like in citations is \"eve.gd: Martin Paul Eve\". But here's the problem: when you put that as a Blog Title (or Website Title) and then go to cite it in a document, the CSL reformats it to the ugly \"Eve.Gd: Martin Paul Eve\". Anyway, I found how to fix this!","title":"Making blog posts harvestable by Zotero and preserving case in citation fields","updated_at":1782413221,"url":"https://eve.gd/2026/06/23/making-blog-posts-harvestable-by-zotero-and-preserving-case-in-citation-fields/","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"name":"Research Software Alliance"}],"blog":{"authors":[{"name":"Research Software Alliance"}],"community_id":"79c5ab82-d540-413c-a8cf-3e55d0135a40","created":1780876800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Recent content on Research Software Alliance","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/79c5ab82-d540-413c-a8cf-3e55d0135a40/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://www.researchsoft.org/feed.xml","filter":null,"generator":"Hugo","home_page_url":"https://www.researchsoft.org/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":null,"slug":"researchsoft","status":"active","subfield":"1802","title":"Research Software Alliance","updated":1782399472,"use_api":null},"blog_name":"Research Software Alliance","blog_slug":"researchsoft","content_html":"<p>This month's news includes:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Research software community news, including the CHORUS/ReSA webinar on embedding research software into scholarly publishing</li>\n<li>IRSC26 program now available</li>\n<li>IRSC welcomes founding sponsors</li>\n<li>Opportunities to get involved with community initiatives</li>\n<li>Resources</li>\n<li>Community events, including Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing (PEARC)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https://preview.mailerlite.io/preview/778129/emails/191164519232308951\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Read the June newsletter</a></strong></p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/vgqj0-e8h12","guid":"https://www.researchsoft.org/news/2026-06/","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782345600,"rid":"nhw3z-ph647","summary":"This month's news includes: Research software community news, including the CHORUS/ReSA webinar on embedding research software into scholarly publishing IRSC26 program now available IRSC welcomes founding sponsors Opportunities to get involved with community initiatives Resources Community events, including Practice and Experience in Advanced Research Computing (PEARC) <strong> Read the June newsletter </strong>","title":"ReSA Newsletter: June 2026","updated_at":1782400242,"url":"https://www.researchsoft.org/news/2026-06/","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Fischer","given":"Georg","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5620-5759"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"52aefd81-f405-4349-b080-754395a5d8b2","created":1694476800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":null,"favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/52aefd81-f405-4349-b080-754395a5d8b2/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/open-research-berlin/feed/atom/","filter":null,"generator":"WordPress","home_page_url":"https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/open-research-berlin","issn":null,"language":"deu","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"oaberlin","status":"active","subfield":"1802","title":"Open Research Blog Berlin","updated":1782388528,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"Open Research Blog Berlin","blog_slug":"oaberlin","content_html":"<h2><b>Chancen und Herausforderungen f\u00fcr die (offene) Erforschung von gro\u00dfen Online-Plattformen</b></h2>\n<h3>Online-Veranstaltung am 30. Juni (13:15 bis 14:45 Uhr) mit Simone Ruf, Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Freiheitsrechte (GFF)</h3>\n<p>Registrierung unter folgendem Link: <a href=\"https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909\">https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909</a></p>\n<p><!--more--></p>\n<p><strong>Hintergrund:</strong> Im Februar 2024 wurde der europ\u00e4ische Digital Services Act (kurz DSA, deutsch: Gesetz \u00fcber digitale Dienste) innerhalb der EU und damit auch in Deutschland vollst\u00e4ndig anwendbar. Mit dem DSA legt die EU ein Regelwerk vor, um digitale Plattformen, Dienste und Produkte wirkungsvoller und einheitlicher zu regulieren. Der DSA richtet sich unter anderem an Akteure wie X, Meta, TikTok oder Google. In dem Gesetz sind etwa Regeln festgelegt, nach denen digitale Online-Plattformen Inhalte entfernen oder auch wieder freischalten m\u00fcssen, sowie wie sie dar\u00fcber mehr Transparenz verschaffen sollen. Zur Bemessung und Eind\u00e4mmung von sogenannten systemischen Risiken h\u00e4lt der DSA Regelungen bereit, die dem Schutz Minderj\u00e4hriger dienen oder die Transparenz von Werbung erm\u00f6glichen sollen, etwa in Bezug auf suchtf\u00f6rderndes Design oder illegale beziehungsweise gef\u00e4hrliche Inhalte.</p>\n<p>Auch enth\u00e4lt der DSA in<a href=\"https://gesetz-digitale-dienste.de/dsa/artikel-40/\"> Artikel 40 ein Recht auf Forschungszugang</a>: Forschende haben seit Oktober 2025 die M\u00f6glichkeit, \u00fcber eine Registrierung auf dem <a href=\"https://data-access.dsa.ec.europa.eu/home\">Data Access Portal</a> Daten von sehr gro\u00dfen Online-Plattformen und -Suchmaschinen zu bekommen und zu analysieren (weitere Informationen dazu beispielsweise bei der <a href=\"https://data-access.dsa.ec.europa.eu/home\">Bundesnetzagentur</a>). Die Veranstaltung am 30. Juni bietet eine Einf\u00fchrung in diese neue und f\u00fcr viele Forschende noch unbekannte Thematik. Wir wollen die Regelungen des DSA insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit den Ma\u00dfgaben von Open Research, Forschungsdaten bzw. Open Data diskutieren.</p>\n<p><strong>\u00dcber die Referentin:</strong> Die Juristin Simone Ruf von der<a href=\"https://centerforuserrights.freiheitsrechte.org/\"> Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Freiheitsrechte (GFF)</a> begleitet die Einf\u00fchrung des DSA in die Praxis seit langem, setzt sich kritisch mit dem Regelwerk sowie mit den Reaktionen der Plattformen darauf auseinander. In ihrem Input wird die juristische Expertin die Hintergr\u00fcnde des DSA erl\u00e4utern, die Potentiale des darin enthaltenen Forschungszugangs ausloten sowie die Chancen und Herausforderungen des Rechtsinstruments f\u00fcr die offene Forschung diskutieren. Anschlie\u00dfend wird es Gelegenheit f\u00fcr Fragen und gemeinsame Diskussion geben.</p>\n<p>Die Veranstaltung richtet sich an Forschende mit Schwerpunkt digitale Plattformen insbesondere aus der Medien- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, aus den Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, aus den Rechtswissenschaften und weiteren Forschungsfeldern, sowie an Mitarbeitende aus Bibliotheken, Archiven und anderen Infrastruktureinrichtungen. Auch Studierende und andere Interessierte sind selbstverst\u00e4ndlich willkommen. Juristische Kenntnisse sind nicht erforderlich.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Termin:</strong> Dienstag 30. Juni von 13:15 bis 14:45 Uhr, online via Webex (<a href=\"https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909\">Registrierung</a>)</li>\n<li><strong>Referentin:</strong> Simone Ruf (<a href=\"https://centerforuserrights.freiheitsrechte.org/\">Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Freiheitsrechte, Center for User Rights</a>)</li>\n<li><strong>Organisiert von:</strong> <a href=\"https://www.open-research-berlin.de/\">Open Research Office Berlin</a> samt Legal Helpdesk Berlin, <a href=\"https://gfmedienwissenschaft.de/gesellschaft/ags/medienindustrien\">AG Medienindustrien</a> der Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Medienwissenschaft (GfM) und <a href=\"https://search.fid-media.de/Search/Home\">FID Media</a> samt der Servicestelle Urheberrecht</li>\n<li><strong>Organisationsteam:</strong> Stefan Cravcisin, Georg Fischer, Aziza Hentschel, Kai Matuszkiewicz und Lies van Roessel</li>\n</ul>\n<pre>F\u00fcr die Teilnahme ist eine Registrierung unter folgendem Link erforderlich: <a href=\"https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909\">https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909</a>\nDer Link zur Teilnahme wird nach Registrierung per Mail zugesandt.</pre>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/xc1cy-31210","guid":"https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/open-research-berlin/?p=4098","language":"de","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1780272000,"rid":"9cg1z-m8p86","summary":"Chancen und Herausforderungen f\u00fcr die (offene) Erforschung von gro\u00dfen Online-Plattformen Online-Veranstaltung am 30. Juni (13:15 bis 14:45 Uhr) mit Simone Ruf, Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Freiheitsrechte (GFF) Registrierung unter folgendem Link: https://fu-berlin.webex.com/weblink/register/r9fe0ce62cb9536e2356e0be01b26d909","tags":["Allgemein","Veranstaltungshinweise","Legal Helpdesk Berlin","Digital Services Act","Forschungszugang"],"title":"Der Forschungszugang nach Digital Services Act (DSA), 30. Juni, online","updated_at":1782389625,"url":"https://blogs.fu-berlin.de/open-research-berlin/2026/06/01/der-forschungszugang-nach-digital-services-act-dsa-30-juni-online/","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"affiliation":[{"id":"https://ror.org/02dpqcy73","name":"Centre de biophysique mol\u00e9culaire"}],"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Hinsen","given":"Konrad","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0330-9428"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"2488dc7f-4f82-4051-8490-22d2cd8d472d","created":1719792000,"current_feed_url":null,"description":null,"favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/2488dc7f-4f82-4051-8490-22d2cd8d472d/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://blog.khinsen.net/feeds/all.atom.xml","filter":null,"generator":"Other","home_page_url":"https://blog.khinsen.net/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"khinsen","status":"active","subfield":"1802","title":"Konrad Hinsen's blog","updated":1782376251,"use_api":null},"blog_name":"Konrad Hinsen's blog","blog_slug":"khinsen","content_html":"<p><a href=\"https://tomasp.net/cultures/\">Cultures of Programming - The Development of Programming Concepts and Methodologies</a> is a recent book by <a href=\"https://tomasp.net/\">Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dek</a> that analyses the history of programming from the perspective of five interwoven cultures. It contains a lot of interesting insight, so I encourage you to read it. At the very least, read the first chapter. In this post, I try to relate these five cultures to the wider world of technology, and to the practices of scientific research.</p>\n<!-- more -->\n<p>The five cultures identified in the book are the following (my summaries):</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Mathematical culture sees computer programs as mathematical entities whose properties are amenable to proof.</p></li>\n<li><p>Hacker culture sees programming as a conversation with a machine as it runs.</p></li>\n<li><p>Engineering culture sees programs as technical artifacts whose construction according to established best practices is a trade-off between desirable properties and economic constraints.</p></li>\n<li><p>Management culture sees software as an industrial product whose qualities depend on suitable organisation structures.</p></li>\n<li><p>Humanist culture sees computation and programs as extensions and externalisations of human thought and notations.</p></li>\n</ul>\n<p>Individuals typically adopt a primary culture that defines their main attitude towards programming, but also take the points of view of other cultures depending on context.</p>\n<p>My first observation is that these five cultures fall into two categories:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Hacker, engineering, and management culture are about <em>making</em> software.</p></li>\n<li><p>Mathematical and humanist culture are about <em>relating to</em> software.</p></li>\n</ul>\n<p>These two categories are not completely independent. If you care about software having certain formally provable properties, for example, you better take into account that requirement during all stages of software construction.</p>\n<p>My second observation is that these cultures are not specific to programming. This is perhaps easiest to see for engineering and management, the duo that has been piloting manufacturing industries for quite a while, with engineering focusing on the technical aspects and management on the coordination of human efforts. As for hackers, I see them as a reincarnation of craftspeople. They have the same approach of making something with their hands while constantly integrating feedback from their senses. They also work alone or in small self-organizing teams, and favor learning-by-doing over formal education. The trade-offs between bespoke artisanal software as made by hackers, and industrial mass-market software as made by a cooperation of engineers and managers, is very similar to the trade-offs between a tailor-made wardrobe and Ikea furniture.</p>\n<p>Mathematical culture is not so much about the academic discipline of mathematics, but about applying the formal associated with mathematics to software. In contrast, humanist culture emphasizes contextual reasoning about software. Formalization requires decontextualisation, which creates a tension between formally provable properties on one hand, and contextually relevant properties on the other hand. In simpler terms, formal methods can provide rigorous proofs of some properties, but those properties are often not the most relevant ones in your application context. Similar tensions between formal and informal reasoning exist in other intellectual disciplines. For example, many fields of science use both qualitative (informal) and quantitative (formal) approaches in research, and have subcultures that favor one or the other.</p>\n<p>Early scientists worked in the same spirit as craftspeople and hackers: alone or in small teams, alternating between making things (instruments, experimental setups) and observing, and organizing in non-hierarchical institutions (learned societies) that support research while respecting individual autonomy. More recently, some scientific activities have been industrialized (see <a href=\"https://blog.khinsen.net/posts/2019/10/29/the-industrialization-of-scientific-research.html\">this earlier post</a>), and organized according to management principles. Science thus has its own analogue of the tensions between hacker culture on one hand and engineering plus management culture on the other hand. Management culture is mostly seen as imposed from the outside, by funders, and it is a particularly serious mismatch for the inherently exploratory nature of research.</p>\n<p>Scientific software inherits both the cultures of programming and the cultures of scientific research. In its early decades, from the 1950s to the 1970s, science was still dominantly a craft, and its practitioners adopted hacker culture in the creation of their software, which was typically small to medium-sized Fortran programs with no dependencies other than a Fortran compiler. A minority of researchers adopted humanist culture in publishing and reviewing this software much like a journal article - see <a href=\"https://hal.science/hal-05274018v1\">my article on reviewing research software</a>. With increasing software size and complexity, reusable libraries grew in importance, an early example being <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINPACK\">LINPACK</a> in the 1970s. Software development started to become an activity distinct from research itself, dominated by engineering culture, and ultimately leading to the establishment of the research software engineer as a distinct profession. However, hacker culture continues to prevail for software produced as part of a research project, nowadays often taking the form of computational notebooks or workflows.</p>\n<p>Given the importance of mathematics in the quantitative sciences, it is surprising that mathematical culture only plays a minor role for research software. My guess is that this is due to the dearth of mature formal methods for software. Quantitative sciences mostly rely on decades-old and well-understood mathematics, rather than on cutting-edge mathematical research. Applying this principle to formal methods for software, this leaves static type checking by compilers as the only formal method that is widely available in standard software development tools. Scientists are no different from software developers in embracing or despising static type checking. This is perhaps the most visible expression of the tension between engineering and hacker culture.</p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/2cn03-3kv74","guid":"https://blog.khinsen.net/posts/2026/06/25/cultures.html","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782345600,"rid":"zqfvm-03889","summary":"Cultures of Programming - The Development of Programming Concepts and Methodologies is a recent book by Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pet\u0159\u00ed\u010dek that analyses the history of programming from the perspective of five interwoven cultures. It contains a lot of interesting insight, so I encourage you to read it. At the very least, read the first chapter.","title":"Cultures of making and relating","updated_at":1782376461,"url":"https://blog.khinsen.net/posts/2026/06/25/cultures.html","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"affiliation":[{"id":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","name":"Bielefeld University"}],"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Friederichs","given":"Hendrik","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9671-5235"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"304adf51-cbb7-4ff1-a505-1dc06082fbad","created":1776988800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Aktuelle Einblicke aus der medizinischen Bildungsforschung \u2014 evidenzbasiert, verst\u00e4ndlich, mit gelegentlichem Augenzwinkern.","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/304adf51-cbb7-4ff1-a505-1dc06082fbad/logo","feed_format":"application/rss+xml","feed_url":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/blog.xml","filter":null,"generator":"Quarto","home_page_url":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/blog.html","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"medical_education","status":"active","subfield":"2739","title":"Entscheiden(d) lernen","updated":1782338400,"use_api":null},"blog_name":"Entscheiden(d) lernen","blog_slug":"medical_education","content_html":"<p><img class=\"preview-image img-fluid\" src=\"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/FriederichsH_KI-verantworten.png\"/></p>\n<p><em>\"KI \u2013 mit Ihrem guten Namen?\" Das, was bleibt \u2026</em></p>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"viermal-um-das-auto\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"viermal-um-das-auto\">Viermal um das Auto</h2>\n<p>Es war einer meiner ersten Eins\u00e4tze als Notarzt. Ein Auto war bei Rot \u00fcber die Kreuzung gefahren und auf der anderen Seite gegen einen Ampelmast geprallt, mit voller Wucht. Im Wagen sa\u00df ein \u00e4lteres Ehepaar, er am Steuer, sie daneben.</p>\n<p>Als wir ankamen, war der Aufprall deutlich zu sehen. Die Beifahrerin war eingeklemmt, ich kam kaum an sie heran. Ich fand keinen Puls, sie reagierte nicht, aber sie war noch warm. Auch mit der vielen Technik konnten wir nicht sicher feststellen, ob sie schon tot war. Ihr Mann sprach zuerst mit uns, dann wurde er immer benommener.</p>\n<p>Ich musste mich entscheiden. Um ihn zu versorgen, h\u00e4tte ich mit den Notfallsanit\u00e4tern losfahren und seine Frau zur\u00fccklassen m\u00fcssen. Ich bin viermal um das Auto gegangen und habe sie immer wieder untersucht. Kein Puls, sie war immer noch warm.</p>\n<p>Dann sind wir gefahren. Der Mann hatte eine Hirnblutung. Er wurde operiert und \u00fcberlebte.</p>\n<p>Der Dienst war lang und aufreibend. Sp\u00e4t am Abend habe ich dann beim Bestattungsinstitut angerufen, um sicher zu sein, dass die Frau wirklich tot war. Meine Hand hat dabei gezittert.</p>\n<p>Das ist Verantwortung. Nicht das Wort, sondern das, was bleibt. Sicher sein konnte ich nicht, kein Puls und doch noch diese W\u00e4rme. Entscheiden musste ich trotzdem, und ich habe die Entscheidung damals getragen, bis zu jenem Anruf und eigentlich bis heute.</p>\n<p><em>(Im Nachhinein h\u00e4tte ich einen zus\u00e4tzlichen Notarzt rufen sollen. Hinterher ist man kl\u00fcger. Auch das geh\u00f6rt dazu.)</em></p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"wer-spricht-da-und-wer-haftet\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"wer-spricht-da-und-wer-haftet\">Wer spricht da \u2014 und wer haftet?</h2>\n<p>Was hat diese Szene mit K\u00fcnstlicher Intelligenz zu tun? Mehr, als es auf den ersten Blick scheint. Im ersten Teil stand eine Frage im Raum. Wer spricht da eigentlich, wenn nachts um halb zwei eine Antwort aus dem Chatfenster kommt? Die Antwort fiel beruhigend und ern\u00fcchternd zugleich aus. Niemand. Ein Sprachmodell denkt nicht, es verdichtet <span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"zotero-item-20477\">(Lanier, 2023)</span>. Es ist die j\u00fcngste in einer langen Reihe von Maschinen, die menschliches Wissen ordnen und zug\u00e4nglich machen.</p>\n<p>Das hat eine Folge, die uns als Lehrende angeht. Wenn die Maschine das abrufbare Wissen \u00fcbernimmt, rund um die Uhr und fast umsonst, verliert ein Teil unserer Lehre seinen alten Wert. Nicht das Wissen selbst, aber seine Exklusivit\u00e4t. Und wo niemand spricht, haftet auch niemand. Was bleibt dann eigentlich dem Menschen?</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"auskunft-nicht-einsicht\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"auskunft-nicht-einsicht\">\"Auskunft, nicht Einsicht\"</h2>\n<p>Der Wirtschaftsinformatiker Detlef Schoder hat das in einem lesenswerten FAZ-Beitrag zugespitzt. Die Maschine liefere \u00abAuskunft, nicht Einsicht\u00bb <span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"zotero-item-20495\">(Schoder, Detlef, 2026)</span>. Was sie nicht ersetze, sei das Deuten, das Verbinden, das Abw\u00e4gen, das Urteilen \u2014 und das Verantworten.</p>\n<p>In einem Punkt m\u00f6chte ich Schoder erg\u00e4nzen, eventuell sogar widersprechen. Die ersten vier dieser T\u00e4tigkeiten kann KI inzwischen erstaunlich gut. Sie deutet, sie verkn\u00fcpft entfernte Felder, sie w\u00e4gt ab und legt am Ende sogar ein Urteil vor. Wer das einmal richtig mit leistungsf\u00e4higen Modellen ausprobiert, kommt aus dem Staunen kaum heraus. Ein Bildungsverst\u00e4ndnis, das den Menschen vor allem dar\u00fcber definiert, dass er besser deutet als die Maschine, d\u00fcrfte deshalb bald in Erkl\u00e4rungsnot geraten.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"die-ausnahme-das-verantworten\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"die-ausnahme-das-verantworten\">Die Ausnahme: das Verantworten</h2>\n<p>Damit sind wir beim Kern. Eine T\u00e4tigkeit f\u00e4llt aus der Reihe, und das grunds\u00e4tzlich, nicht nur graduell. Es ist das Verantworten. Wer verantwortet, pr\u00fcft das Erzeugte am Fall, legt sich auf eine Antwort fest und steht f\u00fcr sie gerade. Das setzt jemanden voraus, der zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden kann, der etwas zu verlieren hat und die Folgen tr\u00e4gt <span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"zotero-item-20497\">(\"Skin in the game\", siehe Taleb, 2018)</span>. Ein Modell hat davon nichts. Es kann ein Urteil erzeugen, aber es nicht zu seinem eigenen machen und nicht daf\u00fcr einstehen. Diese L\u00fccke schlie\u00dft auch das n\u00e4chste, gr\u00f6\u00dfere Modell nicht, denn sie ist keine Frage des K\u00f6nnens, sondern der Stellung. Schoder bringt es sch\u00f6n auf den Punkt. Eine Maschine kann Optionen erzeugen, einstehen f\u00fcr die gew\u00e4hlte L\u00f6sung kann nur der Mensch.</p>\n<p>Und es hei\u00dft mehr, als ein Ergebnis abzuliefern. Es hei\u00dft, f\u00fcr das Warum geradezustehen, nachpr\u00fcfbar und nachvollziehbar. In Medizin und Recht nennt man das die Begr\u00fcndungspflicht. Man muss sagen k\u00f6nnen, warum man so gehandelt hat und nicht anders. Genau das liefert ein Sprachmodell nicht mit.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"die-nachgereichte-begr\u00fcndung\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"die-nachgereichte-begr\u00fcndung\">Die nachgereichte Begr\u00fcndung</h2>\n<p>Aber kann sich ein Modell nicht selbst begr\u00fcnden? Man muss es doch nur fragen, warum es so geantwortet hat, und schon erkl\u00e4rt es sich, oft erstaunlich \u00fcberzeugend.</p>\n<p>Nur zeigt diese Erkl\u00e4rung nicht, wie die Antwort wirklich zustande kam. Das Modell rechnet seine Begr\u00fcndung in dem Moment neu aus, in dem wir danach fragen. Es erz\u00e4hlt uns also eine plausible Geschichte, die zur Antwort passt, und nicht den tats\u00e4chlichen Weg dorthin. Und genau das ist heikler als ein ehrliches Schweigen. Ein System, dem man ansieht, dass man nicht hineinschauen kann, l\u00e4dt zum Pr\u00fcfen ein. Ein System, das glatte Gr\u00fcnde nachreicht, l\u00e4dt zum Vertrauen ein. Das ist die eigentliche Stolperfalle.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"ein-ehrlicher-einwand\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"ein-ehrlicher-einwand\">Ein ehrlicher Einwand</h2>\n<p>Ein Einwand bleibt, und er ist berechtigt. Auch wir Menschen handeln aus Wissen, das wir nicht restlos in Worte fassen k\u00f6nnen. Die erfahrene \u00c4rztin sp\u00fcrt, dass etwas nicht stimmt, bevor sie es benennen kann. Michael Polanyi hat das in eine sch\u00f6ne Formel gefasst. Wir wissen mehr, als wir sagen k\u00f6nnen <span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"zotero-item-20479\">(Polanyi, 2009)</span>. Wer also l\u00fcckenlose Erkl\u00e4rbarkeit verlangt, trifft damit auch die \u00e4rztliche Intuition.</p>\n<p>Das stimmt. Der Unterschied liegt aber nicht darin, wie undurchsichtig dieses Wissen ist, sondern darin, wo es verankert ist. Das stille Wissen der \u00c4rztin steckt in einem Menschen, in einer, die haftet, die \u00fcber Jahre und auch durch Fehler gelernt hat und die zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden kann. Hinter der Undurchsichtigkeit des Modells steht nichts davon. Da ist niemand.</p>\n<p>Die Pflicht ist also nicht, jeden Gedankenschritt auszusprechen. Das k\u00f6nnten wir bei uns selbst nicht. Die Pflicht ist, daf\u00fcr zu sorgen, dass am Ende ein verantwortlicher Mensch hinter der Aussage steht. Und das kann das Modell nicht sein.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"was-jetzt-knapp-wird\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"was-jetzt-knapp-wird\">Was jetzt knapp wird</h2>\n<p>Das dreht die anf\u00e4ngliche Sorge um. Gerade weil Wissen, Deuten und Abw\u00e4gen billig und reichlich werden, wird etwas anderes kostbar. N\u00e4mlich jemand, der bereit und befugt ist, f\u00fcr eine Entscheidung geradezustehen. Je besser die Maschine urteilt, desto wichtiger wird der Mensch, der dieses Urteil zu seinem eigenen macht.</p>\n<p>F\u00fcr das, was hier \u00fcbrig bleibt, gibt es einen alten Namen. Die Griechen nannten es <em>Phronesis</em>, die praktische Klugheit. Aristoteles hat sie vom reinen Wissen und vom blo\u00dfen K\u00f6nnen unterschieden. Sie ist nicht die F\u00e4higkeit, ein Urteil zu erzeugen, sondern die F\u00e4higkeit, im einzelnen Fall das Richtige zu sehen und daf\u00fcr einzustehen. Sie w\u00e4chst nur mit der Erfahrung, dadurch, dass man eigene Entscheidungen immer wieder tr\u00e4gt. Herunterladen l\u00e4sst sie sich deshalb nicht. Ein Modell kann den kl\u00fcgsten Rat formulieren. <em>Phronesis</em> hat es nicht, weil ihm das Leben fehlt, das gelingen oder scheitern kann. In der Medizin ist dieser Gedanke \u00fcbrigens alt. Die Urteilskraft am Krankenbett galt immer als Musterbeispiel praktischer Klugheit, nie als blo\u00dfe Anwendung einer Formel.</p>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"fazit\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"fazit\">Fazit</h2>\n<p>Der Unterschied zwischen Mensch und Maschine liegt also nicht im Deuten, Verbinden, Abw\u00e4gen oder Urteilen. Das kann KI zunehmend gut, und das d\u00fcrfen wir ruhig anerkennen. Er liegt im Verantworten. Nur wer zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden kann, kann f\u00fcr eine Entscheidung einstehen, und das l\u00e4sst sich an kein System abgeben. Je selbstverst\u00e4ndlicher die Maschine uns das Denken abnimmt, desto mehr kommt es auf jene an, die am Ende daf\u00fcr nachvollziehbar und nachpr\u00fcfbar geradestehen. Was das f\u00fcr unsere Ausbildung und unsere Pr\u00fcfungen hei\u00dft, schauen wir uns im letzten Teil an.</p>\n<div class=\"callout callout-style-default callout-note callout-titled\">\n<div aria-controls=\"callout-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Toggle callout\" class=\"callout-header d-flex align-content-center collapsed\" data-bs-target=\".callout-1-contents\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\">\n<div class=\"callout-icon-container\">\n<i class=\"callout-icon\"></i>\n</div>\n<div class=\"callout-title-container flex-fill\">\n<span class=\"screen-reader-only\">Hinweis</span>Transparenzkasten\n</div>\n<div class=\"callout-btn-toggle d-inline-block border-0 py-1 ps-1 pe-0 float-end\"><i class=\"callout-toggle\"></i></div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"callout-1-contents callout-collapse collapse\" id=\"callout-1\">\n<div class=\"callout-body-container callout-body\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interessenkonflikte:</strong> Keine angegeben.</li>\n<li><strong>Finanzierung:</strong> Keine Angabe.</li>\n<li><strong>KI-Nutzung:</strong> Claude Opus 4.6 (Anthropic) wurde zur sprachlichen Gl\u00e4ttung und Strukturierung des Beitragstextes auf Basis eines vom Autor verfassten und immer wieder \u00fcberarbeiteten Gedankengangs eingesetzt.</li>\n<li><strong>Eigene Beteiligung:</strong> Der Autor ist in der medizinischen Ausbildungsforschung t\u00e4tig und publiziert in PubMed-gelisteten Zeitschriften. Seit einiger Zeit versucht er sich auch an einem wissenschaftlichen Blog.</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</section>\n<section class=\"level2\" id=\"referenzen\">\n<h2 class=\"anchored\" data-anchor-id=\"referenzen\">Referenzen</h2>\n<div class=\"references csl-bib-body hanging-indent\" data-entry-spacing=\"0\" data-line-spacing=\"2\" id=\"refs\">\n<div class=\"csl-entry\" id=\"ref-zotero-item-20477\">\nLanier, J. (2023). There <span>Is No A</span>.<span>I</span>. <em>The New Yorker</em>. <a href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/there-is-no-ai\">https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/there-is-no-ai</a>\n</div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\" id=\"ref-zotero-item-20479\">\nPolanyi, M. (2009). <em>The <span>Tacit Dimension</span></em> (A. Sen, Hrsg.). University of Chicago Press. <a href=\"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo6035368.html\">https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo6035368.html</a>\n</div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\" id=\"ref-zotero-item-20495\">\nSchoder, Detlef. (2026). <span>Wie wir ausbilden sollten in Zeiten intelligenter Maschinen</span>. In <em>FAZ.NET</em>. <a href=\"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/kuenstliche-intelligenz/wie-wir-ausbilden-sollten-in-zeiten-intelligenter-maschinen-accg-200919543.html\">https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/kuenstliche-intelligenz/wie-wir-ausbilden-sollten-in-zeiten-intelligenter-maschinen-accg-200919543.html</a>\n</div>\n<div class=\"csl-entry\" id=\"ref-zotero-item-20497\">\nTaleb, N. N. (2018). <em><span>Das Risiko und sein Preis: Skin in the game</span></em> (S. Held, \u00dcbers.; 1. Auflage). Penguin Verlag.\n</div>\n</div>\n</section>\n<div class=\"default\" id=\"quarto-appendix\"><section class=\"quarto-appendix-contents\" id=\"quarto-reuse\"><h2 class=\"anchored quarto-appendix-heading\">Wiederverwendung</h2><div class=\"quarto-appendix-contents\"><div><a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de\" rel=\"license\">CC BY 4.0</a></div></div></section><section class=\"quarto-appendix-contents\" id=\"quarto-citation\"><h2 class=\"anchored quarto-appendix-heading\">Zitat</h2><div><div class=\"quarto-appendix-secondary-label\">Mit BibTeX zitieren:</div><pre class=\"sourceCode code-with-copy quarto-appendix-bibtex\"><code class=\"sourceCode bibtex\">@misc{friederichs2026,\n  author = {Friederichs, Hendrik},\n  title = {KI -\\/- mit Ihrem guten Namen?},\n  date = {2026-06-25},\n  url = {https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/},\n  langid = {de}\n}\n</code></pre><div class=\"quarto-appendix-secondary-label\">Bitte zitieren Sie diese Arbeit als:</div><div class=\"csl-entry quarto-appendix-citeas\" id=\"ref-friederichs2026\">\nFriederichs, H. (2026). <em>KI -- mit Ihrem guten Namen?</em> <a href=\"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/\">https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/</a>\n</div></div></section></div>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/9mn8x-68n03","guid":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/","image":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/FriederichsH_KI-verantworten.png","language":"de","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782259200,"reference":[{"id":"https://www.newyorker.com/science/annals-of-artificial-intelligence/there-is-no-ai","unstructured":"Lanier, J. (2023). There Is No A.I. The New Yorker."},{"id":"https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo6035368.html","unstructured":"Polanyi, M. (2009). The Tacit Dimension (A. Sen, Hrsg.). University of Chicago Press."},{"id":"https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/kuenstliche-intelligenz/wie-wir-ausbilden-sollten-in-zeiten-intelligenter-maschinen-accg-200919543.html","unstructured":"Schoder, Detlef. (2026). Wie wir ausbilden sollten in Zeiten intelligenter Maschinen. In FAZ.NET."},{"unstructured":"Taleb, N. N. (2018). Das Risiko und sein Preis: Skin in the game (S. Held, \u00dcbers.; 1. Auflage). Penguin Verlag."}],"rid":"0kns2-xsm58","summary":"<em> \"KI \u2013 mit Ihrem guten Namen?\" Das, was bleibt \u2026 </em> Viermal um das Auto Es war einer meiner ersten Eins\u00e4tze als Notarzt. Ein Auto war bei Rot \u00fcber die Kreuzung gefahren und auf der anderen Seite gegen einen Ampelmast geprallt, mit voller Wucht. Im Wagen sa\u00df ein \u00e4lteres Ehepaar, er am Steuer, sie daneben. Als wir ankamen, war der Aufprall deutlich zu sehen. Die Beifahrerin war eingeklemmt, ich kam kaum an sie heran.","tags":["Studierende","Lehrende","KI","Verantwortung","Entscheiden"],"title":"KI \u2013 mit Ihrem guten Namen?","updated_at":1782374160,"url":"https://medical-education.pages.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/research/mes-blog/posts/2026-06-25-KI-verantworten/","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Willighagen","given":"Lars","url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-4637"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"e0509c2b-3c92-4e55-a306-bb03ddf5f7c8","created":1673136000,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Thoughts about bibliographic metadata, programming, statistics, taxonomy, and biology.","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/e0509c2b-3c92-4e55-a306-bb03ddf5f7c8/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://larsgw.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default","filter":null,"generator":"Blogger","home_page_url":"https://larsgw.blogspot.com/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"syntaxus_baccata","status":"active","subfield":"1110","title":"Syntaxus baccata","updated":1782326559,"use_api":null},"blog_name":"Syntaxus baccata","blog_slug":"syntaxus_baccata","content_html":"<p>While working on adding resources on Heteroptera to the <a href=\"https://identification-resources.github.io/\">Library of Identification Resources</a>, I came across this striking observation of an ambush bug (Reduviidae, subfamily Phymatinae) from the Dominican Republic:</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/297763197/large.jpg\"/><br/>\n\u00a9 Jiri Hodecek,  <a href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/\">some rights reserved  (CC-BY-NC)</a> <a href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171587100\">https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171587100</a></p>\n<p>It is identified as <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> Kormilev, 1962, a genus and species described from a single specimen from Haiti. In the same publication, <em>Phymata superba</em> Kormilev, 1962 is first described, also described from a single specimen from Haiti. The publication is available online <a href=\"https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PJS_Vol_89_Nos3_4_Sep_1960.pdf\">from the publisher</a> (<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20251013112405/https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/PJS_Vol_89_Nos3_4_Sep_1960.pdf\">archived</a>).</p>\n<p>There, the holotype of <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> is described as follows:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u2642, Haiti, Acc. Hinche, August 30, 1930 (H. L. Dozier).</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>Whereas the holotype of <em>Phymata superba</em> is described as:</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>This species is so striking, that Dr. H. G. Barber put the label \"New Gen.-sp. <em>Has tarsi.</em>\"</p>\n</blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p>\u2642, Haiti Port-au-Prince, August 15, 1924 (W.A. Hoffman).</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>However, looking at the holotypes online show something else, for <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> (<a href=\"https://research.amnh.org/pbi/heteropteraspeciespage/speciesdetails.php?family=Reduviidae&amp;genusid=79347&amp;speciesid=79348\">link</a>):</p>\n<p><img alt=\"Specimen\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20260624163439_if/https://research.amnh.org/pbi/specimen/specimen/image_folder0000020/UCR_ENT%2000008090_dorsal1.jpg\"/> <img alt=\"Label\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20260624163508if_/https://research.amnh.org/pbi/specimen/specimen/image_folder0000020/UCR_ENT%2000008090_label.jpg\"/></p>\n<p>And for <em>Phymata superba</em> (<a href=\"https://research.amnh.org/pbi/heteropteraspeciespage/speciesdetails.php?family=Reduviidae&amp;genusid=88711&amp;speciesid=88713\">link</a>):</p>\n<p><img alt=\"Specimen\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20260624163738if_/https://research.amnh.org/pbi/specimen/specimen/image_folder0000020/UCR_ENT%2000008108_dorsal.jpg\"/> <img alt=\"Label\" height=\"350\" src=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20260624163759if_/https://research.amnh.org/pbi/specimen/specimen/image_folder0000020/UCR_ENT%2000008108_label.jpg\"/></p>\n<p>The labels are exactly the other way around! Kormilev's publication does luckily make it clear which species is which, both in the descriptions and in the associated figures, where fig. 355 (left) belongs to <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> and fig. 356 (right) belongs to <em>Phymata superba</em> (and I must say, are both wonderful drawings, made by Carlos A. Wappers).</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" src=\"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEOjenUsgy2pAW_yxLZ8MhZpLqXlmHl2N2uqY1TNj0GTEEbsXFFp72xFDAsBCRN8-RY6gXwsqykTmcZlTV-6_n66CGC0TSfYEOyEMTqj9gNk9tGillEy993sHjgxgxj5s_qqKew5yXzQQx8S-No0EsXGmiU4PPi6HrhRQpgsbYS1jowy79So4NT0xBS2k/s1600/Screenshot_20260624_184250.png\"/></p>\n<p>So, what happened to the labels? Did Kormilev mix up the type localities in his manuscript? Or were the labels mixed up during deposition of the specimens, or in the digitization process? Barber's confident comment of \"New gen+sp.\" (as opposed to the \"Gen? sp?\" in the other set of labels) could make sense for the specimen that actually led to a new genus and species (<em>Paraphymata saileri</em>), but both specimens are striking and distinct in their own ways, and <em>Phymata superba</em> is still in its own, new subgenus.</p>\n<p><strong>Update:</strong> The images actually have their original EXIF metadata, allowing us to determine the following: the photos of the labels were taken on January 2nd, 2003 (with a Fujifilm FinePix S5000), in sequence of specimen number, about 3\u20135 minutes apart. This suggests to me that the labels were photographed one by one, with only one set of labels off its pin at a time, making it unlikely the error occurred there. Most of the files where then modified (with Adobe Photoshop) on August 9th, 2011, again in sequence but about 1\u20132 minutes apart. Notably, two of the files were modified a day later (August 10th), just a few seconds apart: the two files belonging to <em>Paraphymata saileri</em> and <em>Phymata superba</em>.</p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/j7p11-sz416","guid":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5472537257659342064.post-5379177461291585005","image":"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEOjenUsgy2pAW_yxLZ8MhZpLqXlmHl2N2uqY1TNj0GTEEbsXFFp72xFDAsBCRN8-RY6gXwsqykTmcZlTV-6_n66CGC0TSfYEOyEMTqj9gNk9tGillEy993sHjgxgxj5s_qqKew5yXzQQx8S-No0EsXGmiU4PPi6HrhRQpgsbYS1jowy79So4NT0xBS2k/s72-c/Screenshot_20260624_184250.png","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1782259200,"rid":"z2k2s-11a26","summary":"While working on adding resources on Heteroptera to the Library of Identification Resources, I came across this striking observation of an ambush bug (Reduviidae, subfamily Phymatinae) from the Dominican Republic: \u00a9 Jiri Hodecek, some rights reserved (CC-BY-NC) https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/171587100 It is identified as <em> Paraphymata saileri </em> Kormilev, 1962, a genus and species described from a single specimen from Haiti.","tags":["Taxonomy"],"title":"Type locality confusion in the world of ambush bugs (Heteroptera: Phymatinae)","updated_at":1782327710,"url":"https://larsgw.blogspot.com/2026/06/type-locality-confusion-in-world-of.html","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Paulus","given":"Simon"},{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Bl\u00fcmel","given":"Ina"},{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Wachsmuth","given":"S\u00f6ren"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"db0d8909-9e37-46d0-b16c-0551f575e86b","created":1749772800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"Das Blog der TIB \u2013 Leibniz-Informationszentrum Technik und Naturwissenschaften und Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/db0d8909-9e37-46d0-b16c-0551f575e86b/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://blog.tib.eu/feed/atom/","filter":null,"generator":"WordPress","home_page_url":"https://blog.tib.eu/","issn":null,"language":"deu","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.65527","relative_url":null,"secure":true,"slug":"tib","status":"active","subfield":"1802","title":"TIB-Blog","updated":1782320864,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"TIB-Blog","blog_slug":"tib","content_html":"<p>Wer im Mittelalter und der Fr\u00fchen Neuzeit etwas auf sich hielt, der f\u00fchrte ein eigenes Wappen oder eine individuelle Marke, mit der er auf Dokumenten oder Urkunden siegelte. Auch bei den Meistern der N\u00fcrnberger Steinmetzbruderschaft war es Brauch, Gutachten oder Pl\u00e4ne mit ihren eigenen Meisterzeichen zu kennzeichnen. Meist geschah das in Form von Blind- oder Pr\u00e4gesiegeln, die mit einem Ring oder Stempel in das Papier eingedr\u00fcckt wurden. In einer an der TIB im <a href=\"https://www.tib.eu/de/forschung-entwicklung/forschungsgruppen-und-labs/open-science\">Open Science Lab</a> in Zusammenarbeit mit dem <a href=\"https://www.igt.uni-hannover.de/baug\">Fachgebiet Bau- und Stadtbaugeschichte</a> der Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover entwickelten <a href=\"https://blog.tib.eu/2024/08/29/wikibase4research-wissensdaten-einfach-verwalten-teilen-und-visualisieren/\">Wikibase</a>-Instanz, dem <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page\">Meistersiegel-Wiki</a>, werden nun erstmals solche Siegel erfasst und systematisch beschrieben.</p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_31853\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31853\" style=\"width: 669px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-31853\" src=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05_Auswahl.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05_Auswahl.jpg 651w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05_Auswahl-300x119.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\" /><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blatt gr D Z 1: 5, Sammlung A. Haupt</figcaption></figure>\n<h2>Die N\u00fcrnberger Proberisse \u2013 besondere Zeugnisse der Steinmetzausbildung</h2>\n<p>Als Corpus f\u00fcr die Erfassung dient ein bisher kaum von der Forschung wahrgenommenes Konvolut von 34 Bl\u00e4ttern mit sogenannten \"Proberissen\", das sich in der Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zusammengetragenen Sammlung des Hannoveraner Bauhistorikers und Architekten Albrecht Haupt (1852-1932) erhalten hat.</p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_31855\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31855\" style=\"width: 301px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-31855\" src=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-749x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"301\" height=\"411\" srcset=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-749x1024.jpg 749w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-220x300.jpg 220w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-768x1050.jpg 768w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-1124x1536.jpg 1124w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web-1498x2048.jpg 1498w, https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05-web.jpg 1647w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" /><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31855\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blatt gr D Z 1: 5, Slg. A. Haupt</figcaption></figure>\n<p>Diese Risse entstanden im Rahmen des Meisterst\u00fccks, das der Geselle zur Erlangung des Meisterstatus anzufertigen hatte und zeigen musterhafte Entw\u00fcrfe und Konstruktionen von Gew\u00f6lbeanlagen und Geb\u00e4uden. Schon fr\u00fch wurden diese Bl\u00e4tter in das Umfeld der N\u00fcrnberger Steinmetzbruderschaft eingeordnet, ohne jedoch im Hinblick auf ihre Provenienz und Zusammensetzung genauer betrachtet worden zu sein.</p>\n<p>Als Architektur- und Werkzeichnungen, die im Kontext der Steinmetzlehre angefertigt wurden, sind sie besondere Zeugnisse der handwerklichen Ausbildung im Bauwesen in der \u00dcbergangszeit ab dem Sp\u00e4tmittelalter bis zur Aufl\u00f6sung des Zunftwesens Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts.</p>\n<p>Die zahlreichen, auf den Bl\u00e4ttern oft kaum sichtbaren Blindsiegel der pr\u00fcfenden Meister machen sie zu einem besonderen Studienobjekt, zumal es sich um ein individuelles \u2013 bislang nur f\u00fcr die N\u00fcrnberger Steinmetzbruderschaft nachweisbares \u2212 Ph\u00e4nomen handelt.</p>\n<p>Im Rahmen des von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) gef\u00f6rderten Projekts zur Erschlie\u00dfung der umfangreichen, heute in der TIB aufbewahrten Sammlung Haupts (<a href=\"https://projects.tib.eu/haupt\">GESAH</a>) ist das Konvolut der Proberisse Bestandteil einer Tiefenerschlie\u00dfung und diente mit seinen Meistersiegel- bzw. Meisterstempelabdr\u00fccken als Fallstudie zur Verkn\u00fcpfung mit der Forschungsdateninfrastruktur von NFDI4Culture.</p>\n<h2>Das Meistersiegel-Wiki</h2>\n<p>Die neue <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page\">Wikibase-Datenbank zu den Meistersiegeln</a> erfasst s\u00e4mtliche Siegelmotive, die sich als Blindsiegel-Pr\u00e4gungen auf den Bl\u00e4ttern erhalten haben. Mit ihrer Erfassung lassen sich Beziehungen der Siegler untereinander und zeitliche Entstehungszusammenh\u00e4nge innerhalb der Bl\u00e4tter, aber auch zu dar\u00fcber hinaus vorhandenen Quellenmaterialien nachvollziehen.</p>\n<p>Vorbereitend f\u00fcr die Erfassung der N\u00fcrnberger Meistersiegel in einer eigenen <a href=\"https://blog.tib.eu/2024/08/29/wikibase4research-wissensdaten-einfach-verwalten-teilen-und-visualisieren/\">Wikibase-Instanz</a> wurden alle erkennbaren Siegelabdr\u00fccke umgezeichnet, in ihren jeweiligen Charakteristika, Kombinationen und Gruppierungen tabellarisch aufgenommen und beschrieben. F\u00fcr die Beschreibungen der auf den Siegeln enthaltenen Steinmetz- und Hausmarken wurden eigene, auf der Fachterminologie der Blasonierung basierende Kategorien entwickelt und ein umfangreiches fachspezifisches <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Glossar\">Glossar</a> angelegt. Insgesamt lie\u00dfen sich auf diese Weise <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Main_Page\">18 unterschiedliche Siegel</a> auf den Bl\u00e4ttern identifizieren und beschreiben, drei weitere konnten nur im rudiment\u00e4ren Zustand erfasst werden. Weitere neun Siegelmotive wurden aus der historischen Literatur in die Aufstellung \u00fcbernommen.</p>\n<p>Im Abgleich mit den im Zuge der Archiv- und Literaturquellen ermittelten \u00fcber 150 belegbaren Meister konnte ein Gro\u00dfteil der Siegler identifiziert werden. \u00dcber die \u00fcberlieferte Kombination der Siegel wurden so genauere entstehungsgeschichtliche Zusammenh\u00e4nge sichtbar, die unter anderem zur Korrektur der zeitlichen Einordnung und Reihenfolge von bislang nur \u00fcber die Wasserzeichen grob datierbaren Zeichnungen f\u00fchrte.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-31854 alignright\" src=\"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Wikiseite_MS-002-SAH-542x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"296\" height=\"432\" /></p>\n<p>F\u00fcr den Aufbau der Wikibase wurden Klassifizierungen und Unterklassifizierungen vorgenommen, die ein bestm\u00f6gliche und anschauliche Darstellung der Bez\u00fcge zwischen Siegel, Sieglern, den jeweiligen Tr\u00e4gern, ihren inhaltlichen und formalen Merkmalen (zum Beispiel Wasserzeichen) erlauben.</p>\n<p>F\u00fcr die Siegel wurden zun\u00e4chst feste IDs vergeben. Basierend auf den beschreibenden Properties Siegeln lassen sich \u00fcber sogenannte Qualifiers komplexere Merkmale und Aussagen zu Siegel und siegelf\u00fchrender Person angeben und verkn\u00fcpfen. Weitere Informationen zu Objekten und Personen (zum Beispiel Referenzen auf Archiv- und Literaturquellen oder Bemerkungen zur Identifizierung der Siegel) k\u00f6nnen durch eine Kommentarfunktion erg\u00e4nzend hinzugef\u00fcgt werden. Bei den Werkeintr\u00e4gen im Vitro/SAH-Portal ist ein direktes Referenzieren auf die IDs der Marken m\u00f6glich. Gleichzeitig sind \u00fcber die Wiki-Base direkte Verweise auf die Pl\u00e4ne mit ihren Werkeintr\u00e4gen im <a href=\"https://sah.tib.eu/\">SAH-Portal</a> angelegt.</p>\n<p>Eine Besonderheit ist das mit Piktogrammen unterst\u00fctzte <a href=\"https://meistersiegel.tibwiki.io/wiki/Glossar\">Glossar</a>, das als begleitendes Corpus zu den beschreibenden Feldern der Siegelmotive und der Zusammensetzung der jeweiligen Marken herangezogen werden kann. Es beruht auf einem vereinheitlichten Fachvokabular (angelehnt an das Vokabular der Blasonierung f\u00fcr Hausmarken),\u00a0auf das nun generell referenziert werden kann.</p>\n<p>Durch die fokussierte Betrachtung eines einzelnen \u2013 leicht \u00fcbersehbaren \u2013 Ph\u00e4nomens auf den N\u00fcrnberger \"Proberissen\" k\u00f6nnen nun neue Einsichten in die Geschichte und Entwicklung des Bauhandwerks und der Baupraxis in der Fr\u00fchen Neuzeit gewonnen werden. Gleichzeitig wurde eine Wissensdatenbank im Kontext von <a href=\"https://nfdi4culture.de/de/dienste/details/wikibase4research.html\">NFDI4Culture</a> aufgebaut, die mit ihren gesammelten Daten im Linked-Data-Format \u00f6ffentlich zug\u00e4nglich und verkn\u00fcpfbar ist und in Zukunft weiter kollaborativ bearbeitet und erweitert werden kann.</p>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65527/50jfn-h6h85","guid":"https://blog.tib.eu/?p=31852","image":"https://blog.tib.eu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/TIB-SlgAH_gr-D-Z-1-05_Auswahl.jpg","language":"de","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1778457600,"rid":"dfpmr-0p714","summary":"Wer im Mittelalter und der Fr\u00fchen Neuzeit etwas auf sich hielt, der f\u00fchrte ein eigenes Wappen oder eine individuelle Marke, mit der er auf Dokumenten oder Urkunden siegelte. Auch bei den Meistern der N\u00fcrnberger Steinmetzbruderschaft war es Brauch, Gutachten oder Pl\u00e4ne mit ihren eigenen Meisterzeichen zu kennzeichnen \u2013 meist in Form von Blind- oder Pr\u00e4gesiegeln, die mit einem Ring oder Stempel in das Papier eingedr\u00fcckt wurden.","tags":["OPENNESS","FORSCHUNG & PROJEKTE","Wissen Verbinden","Lizenz:CC-BY-4.0-INT","Open Science Lab"],"title":"Eingepr\u00e4gte Geschichte \u2013 das Meistersiegel-Wiki ist online","updated_at":1782322309,"url":"https://blog.tib.eu/2026/05/11/eingepraegte-geschichte-das-meistersiegel-wiki-ist-online/","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"Nyrup","given":"Rune"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"989c0e4f-140c-47ca-8db1-8490fb2e89d1","created":1780876800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"British Society for the Philosophy of Science","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/989c0e4f-140c-47ca-8db1-8490fb2e89d1/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://www.thebsps.org/feed/atom/","filter":"category:49","generator":"WordPress","home_page_url":"https://www.thebsps.org/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":null,"slug":"thebsps","status":"active","subfield":"1207","title":"BSPS","updated":1782320504,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"BSPS","blog_slug":"thebsps","content_html":"</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='sub_menu3' class='av-submenu-container main_color  container_wrap sidebar_right'   style='z-index:303'><div class='container av-menu-mobile-disabled '><ul id='av-custom-submenu-3' class='av-subnav-menu av-submenu-pos-center'>\n<li class='menu-item menu-item-top-level  menu-item-top-level-1'><a href='https://www.thebsps.org/reviewofbooks/' ><span class='avia-bullet'></span><span class='avia-menu-text'>Home</span></a></li>\n</ul></div></div>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_9' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-small avia-shadow av-section-color-overlay-active avia-bg-style-scroll   av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-75 container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #2f5280; 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'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #fff8eb; line-height: 1.9; font-family: Futura; font-size: 35px; font-weight: light; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">TRAVIS LACROIX</span><br />\n<span style=\"color: #fff8eb; font-family: Futura; font-size: 55px; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.3; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE VALUE ALIGNMENT PROBLEM</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:5px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section  av-mini-hide\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#444444; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 15px; font-family: Futura; font-weight: 300;\">REVIEWED BY</span><br />\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 20px; font-family: Futura; font-weight: 300;\">Rune Nyrup</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div></div><div id='after_section_9' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_10' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling avia-bg-style-scroll   container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #ffffff; '  ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div style='height:100px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_fourth  flex_column_div first  \" style='padding:0px 0px 0px 30px ; border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem</h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Travis LaCroix</h3>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 style=\"line-height: 1.4;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Reviewed by</span><br />\nRune Nyrup</h4>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a style=\"text-decoration: none; line-height: 1;\" href=\"https://broadviewpress.com/product/artificial-intelligence-and-the-value-alignment-problem/;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem</em>\u00a0<sup>\u25f3</sup></a><br />\nTravis LaCroix<br />\nBroadview Press, 2025, \u00a332.95<br />\nISBN 9781554816293</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:-10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-color: #666666;\">Cite as:<br />\nNyrup, R. (2026). 'Travis LaCroix&#8217;s <em>Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem</em>', <em>BJPS Review of Books</em>,\u00a0<strong>2026</strong>,<br />\ndoi.org/10.59350/a5brt-nfc70</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:-10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<div class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"ImageObject\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><img class='avia_image ' src='https://i0.wp.com/www.thebsps.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/EM-Nyrup.png?fit=199%2C300&ssl=1' alt='' title=''   itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  /></div></div><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<div class='avia-button-wrap avia-button-center '><a href='https://thebsps.us9.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=dac429e327f486e16c1a41c79&amp;id=1ea4909450' class='avia-button avia-button-fullwidth   avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-color-custom '  target=\"_blank\"  style='color:#555555; background-color:#ffffff;  ' ><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left ' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'></span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' ><span style=\"align: left; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Palatino;\">Join the mailing list</span></span><span class='avia_button_background avia-button avia-button-fullwidth avia-color-custom' style='background-color:#ffffff; '></span></a></div><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:40px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div><div class=\"flex_column av_two_third  flex_column_div   \" style='padding:0px 50px 0px 50px ; border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:1px; margin-top:-40px'  class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>'Value alignment' has become an influential concept in the broad, multidisciplinary landscape of AI ethics. Standardly defined, it refers to the challenge of ensuring that AI systems pursue goals or encode values that in some sense match or capture human values and interests. Many researchers, especially (but not exclusively) within computer science and engineering, frame their research as seeking to create value-aligned AI or to solve the value alignment problem.</p>\n<p>The value alignment problem is often motivated in terms of risks posed by hypothetical future technologies, such as artificial general intelligence (that is, systems with flexible, domain-general problem-solving capacities at a level similar to humans) or artificial super-intelligence (that is, systems that vastly exceeds human performance across all domains). Creating such technologies without being able to ensure they pursue goals that match our values, the argument goes, would be catastrophic.<sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#fn1\" name=\"_fn1\">1</a>]</sup> However, there are deep disagreements as to whether this presents an even remotely plausible or urgent threat. Thus, there are also many in AI ethics who dismiss concerns about artificial general and super-intelligence as irrelevant to\u2014or worse: a distraction from\u2014the significant harms and injustices that are already being perpetuated by and with existing technologies.</p>\n<p>Travis LaCroix regards the value alignment problem as 'one of the most pressing issues in AI ethics' (p. 6); however, he does not base this on anything to do with artificial general and super-intelligence. Rather, he sees it as a serious, already occurring problem, encompassing many of the harms that AI systems are currently involved in. His book, <em>Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem</em>, thus seeks to salvage the value alignment problem from its association with artificial general and super-intelligence, and instead connect it to the present-day concerns that animate the broader field of AI ethics.</p>\n<p>To do so, the book promotes a wholesale reconceptualization of the problem. Rejecting the standard definitions, LaCroix instead proposes to model it on the principal\u2013agent problem. In economics, this refers to a class of problems that can arise whenever a given person or entity (the 'principal') delegates authority to act on their behalf to another party (the 'agent'), for example, lawyers acting on behalf of their clients or employees acting on behalf of a company. An important result from economic theory, which LaCroix highlights, is that information asymmetries between agent and principal are usually a key condition for the principal\u2013agent problem to occur, as this asymmetry prevents the principal from negotiating and enforcing contracts effectively. Applying these ideas to AI results in what he calls the structural definition of the value alignment problem. Briefly put, the structural definition defines it as a problem that can arise whenever a human actor (the principal) delegates some tasks to an AI system (the agent). In these cases, value misalignment problems can arise along three 'axes' <sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#fn2\" name=\"_fn2\">2</a>]</sup>:</p>\n<p>(1) Objectives: The AI system is based on proxies that mis-specify or poorly track the principal's true objectives.</p>\n<p>(2) Information: The principal lacks access to relevant information about the AI system (for example, its behaviour, architecture, capabilities, or training data).</p>\n<p>(3) Principals: There are multiple principals (or other stakeholders), whose objectives or access to relevant information differ.</p>\n<p>Notably, this does not directly define what value (mis)alignment is. Instead, it defines the value alignment problem as a broad class of problems, characterized as those that arise from a specific set of structural conditions, namely, 'the dynamics of multi-agent interactions involving the delegation of tasks' by a human principal to an AI system (p. 82). LaCroix uses this definition to advance three broad lines of argument.</p>\n<p>First, he argues that the structural definition is preferable to standard definitions (chapter 3), since it captures 'everything that is conceptually appealing about current research on value alignment' (p. 11), while staying 'grounded in the actual functioning of real-world systems' (p. 7). Among other things, he argues that the structural definition avoids abstract or imprecise claims about AI systems 'pursuing goals' or 'encoding values', or about what counts as the relevant 'human values'. Instead, by replacing these with claims about task delegation, the structural definition allows us to focus on the concrete proxies and informational affordances of real-world AI systems, and how these impact specific principals and stakeholder groups.</p>\n<p>Second, LaCroix seeks to show that on the structural definition, many of the prominent present-day issues that are discussed in broader AI ethics count as instances of the value alignment problem. For example, he construes bias and fairness as part of the objectives axis (chapter 4), transparency as part of the information axis (chapter 5) and 'myriad social issues arising in AI ethics' (p. 90), such as privacy, sustainability and accountability, as involving the principals axis (chapter 6).</p>\n<p>Third, he uses the structural definition to critically evaluate existing approaches to value alignment, highlighting the limitations of methods from a range of different research fields, including AI safety (chapter 7), machine ethics (chapter 8), benchmarking (chapter 9), and linguistics (chapter 10). Many of these criticisms are based on the claim that there is no plausible way to circumvent the principal-relativity built into the structural definition. Thus, LaCroix emphasizes that value alignment should be seen as a fundamentally social problem (p. 84), rather than a purely normative or technical one. On a more optimistic note, he suggests that there are more promising ways to mitigate the problem involving processes like democratic engagement, participatory research, design justice, and regulation (chapter 11).</p>\n<p>Advancing these original, substantive arguments is not the only purpose of the book, however. In fact, it is primarily intended, and written, as a textbook. As the preface acknowledges, the book sits somewhat uneasily between these two aims. I highlight some examples of this tension in the following, which begins with a discussion of the book's pedagogical merits, and then offers some critical comments on the substantive arguments for the structural definition.</p>\n<p>Two features distinguish this book compared to many other AI ethics textbooks. First, it takes a distinctively philosophy of science perspective, emphasizing epistemic and methodological issues involving proxies, transparency, and value-laden research (rather than, say, topics from moral theory, metaphysics, or philosophy of mind). Second, the book grew out of a mandatory course for computer science undergraduates. It thus explains the philosophical issues with minimal jargon and grounds the discussion in a technically precise understanding of modern machine learning and deep neural networks. I happen to be a philosopher of science who teaches mandatory philosophy and ethics courses to computer science undergraduates, so I found both of these features particularly appealing. The book is also, however, entirely suitable for philosophy students. In addition to a good overview of the history of AI (chapter 1), it also contains an admirably clear introduction to the core technical concepts (chapter 2). There are a modest number of equations and some mathematical terminology, but all the important points are illustrated with concrete examples throughout.</p>\n<p>Chapter 3 discusses the limitations of the standard definitions and introduces the structural definition. The remaining main chapters (4\u201311, plus an appendix on the control problem for artificial super-intelligence) are written in the style of concise textbook overviews. Each chapter covers a broad section of the interdisciplinary AI ethics literature, with many short subsections explaining a key concept, argument, or case study. For example, chapter 6 includes subsections on stakeholders, trade-offs, the values encoded in AI research, chatbots and discursive ideals, autonomous vehicles, the 'AI for social good' movement, copyright and creativity, privacy, energy and the environment, differential power dynamics, accountability, and human flourishing\u2014all in the span of twenty pages. While this unavoidably sacrifices some depth, every point is explained clearly and aptly. Those new to interdisciplinary AI ethics, whether students or researchers entering the field, will get a broad and well-informed overview of the research literature, with many relevant further references. It also provides a rich and useful teaching resource. I will definitely re-read the relevant subsections next time I'm preparing to teach a topic in AI ethics.</p>\n<p>The overall structure of the book closely follows LaCroix's substantive philosophical arguments. Discussion of the value alignment problem, the structural definition, and the three axes thus frame and weave through many parts of these chapters. For a course designed to follow LaCroix's take on the field, this is a boon, though it does somewhat constrain the book's usefulness as a more general textbook. Much of the material covered would be very relevant for a broader or differently framed course in AI ethics. But I would probably not assign a selection of chapters without also including chapter 3, or at least spending a decent amount of time in class explaining LaCroix's overall project. Chapters 1 and 2 can easily stand on their own, however.</p>\n<p>Returning to the substantive argument: how compelling is the structural definition as a reconceptualization of the value alignment problem? With regard to the objectives axis, I am fully on board. Reframing the issue in terms of task delegation, proxy problems, and mis-specified objectives neatly captures what is intuitively compelling about the standard definitions. It replaces loose or abstract talk of 'values' and 'goals' being 'aligned' with a concrete, well-defined class of problems, applicable to both existing and future technologies.</p>\n<p>LaCroix motivates the information axis by highlighting results from economics on informational asymmetries in the principal\u2013agent problem, such as moral hazard or adverse selection. Chapter 5 highlights some similarities between these concepts and issues of opacity in AI. There is a sound general point here: One important source of problems involving task delegation arises from the principal lacking access to relevant information about the agent. Thus, we can construe many opacity problems in AI as falling within the broader class of task-delegation problems. However, I'm not convinced there is a deeper analogy with the (human\u2013human) principal\u2013agent problem. For example, in the traditional principal\u2013agent problem, information asymmetries usually involve the agent having access to better information about their own behaviour and capabilities than the principal. But an AI system does not necessarily have access to any information about its own behaviour or capabilities, and may not be able to use such information in anywhere near the same way as a human agent would, so leaning too heavily on these analogies risks introducing unnecessary anthropomorphism.</p>\n<p>On the principals axis, some of the examples LaCroix discusses fit the structural definition well. Platform privacy is a clear case: different stakeholders (users and owners) delegate tasks to the same overall system, but their objectives are served in highly asymmetric ways. However, he also includes within the principals axis negative impacts on wider sets of stakeholders who do not necessarily interact with the AI system directly, such as copyright infringement in generative AI or environmental damage. Stretching the structural definition to encompass these cases isn't compelling. Suppose a child is killed in a mine supplying rare earth minerals for microchips, though she never used or interacted with any of the technologies that are created from these minerals. Clearly, this would be a grave injustice. But do we capture it meaningfully by construing it as a problem involving task delegation? Isn't a core aspect of the injustice exactly that she is completely excluded from the relevant kinds of task delegation?</p>\n<p>Some of these issues seem to arise from the tensions with the pedagogical aims of the book. It is highly relevant for a general textbook in AI ethics\u2014especially one aimed at computer science students\u2014to cover environmental impacts, labour exploitation, unjust artistic appropriation, and so on. Trying to fit this within the project of reconceptualizing the value alignment problem is less promising. More generally, the fact that most chapters focus on textbook overviews means that many of the original arguments end up as interspersed remarks, merely sketched or gestured at.</p>\n<p>Despite these limitations, I think the book contains a crucial and potentially quite powerful insight: many issues in AI ethics can be unified and explicated in terms of their arising from the same set of structural conditions, namely, those that involve human principals delegating tasks to AI systems.<sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#fn3\" name=\"_fn3\">3</a>]</sup> It is less clear what is gained conceptually by using 'the values alignment problem' as a general label for this class of problems. This seems to stretch the term too far beyond its intuitive, pre-theoretic usage. A better option might be to explicate the value alignment problem as equivalent to the objectives axis, and then highlight that this is just one aspect of the broader class of problems. This might be a terminological quibble, but given LaCroix's distaste for imprecise language (which I share), I think it matters.</p>\n<p>In conclusion, I can warmly recommend this book to anyone who wants a comprehensive overview of interdisciplinary AI ethics, as well as anyone who teaches this topic. There is also a wealth of important and original philosophical insights to be found, although many will require significant reconstruction and further refinement to realize their full potential. LaCroix concludes by stating that 'This book is intended as the first word on the subject, rather than the last' (p. 268). I look forward to reading what he has to say next.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Rune Nyrup<br />\nAarhus Universitet<br />\nrune.nyrup@css.au.dk</em></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>Notes</strong></p>\n<p><sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_fn1\" name=\"fn1\">1</a>]</sup> Argued very influentially by Bostrom (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Bostrom\" name=\"_Bostrom\">2014</a>), and more recently Yudkowsky and Soares (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Yudkowsky\" name=\"_Yudkowsky\">2025</a>).</p>\n<p><sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_fn2\" name=\"fn2\">2</a>]</sup> These are my reconstructions. For example, LaCroix's official definition (pp. 82, 89) only mentions the AI system's objective function. However, as chapter 4 discusses, there many other kinds of proxy problems that can arise in the machine learning development pipeline.</p>\n<p><sup>[<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_fn3\" name=\"fn3\">3</a>]</sup> See also (Evans et al. <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Evans\" name=\"_Evans\">2025</a>), which arrives at similar conclusions via a different line of argument.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>References</strong></p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Bostrom, N. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Bostrom\" name=\"Bostrom\">2014</a>). <em>Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Evans, K. D., Robbins, S. A. and Bryson, J. J. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Evans\" name=\"Evans\">2025</a>). 'Do We Collaborate with What We Design?', <em>Topics in Cognitive Science</em>, <strong>17</strong>, pp. 392\u2013411.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Yudkowsky, E. and Soares, N. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Yudkowsky\" name=\"Yudkowsky\">2025</a>). <em>If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies: The Case Against Superintelligent AI</em>, Little, Brown.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div></div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='after_section_10' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'></div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_11' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling avia-bg-style-scroll   container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #ffffff; '  ><div class='container' ><div 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'Travis LaCroix's <em> Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment </em>","tags":["BJPS Review Of Books"],"title":"Travis LaCroix, Artificial Intelligence and the Value Alignment Problem<br>Reviewed","updated_at":1782322302,"url":"https://www.thebsps.org/reviewofbooks/nyrup-on-lacroix/","version":"v1"},{"authors":[{"contributor_roles":[],"family":"DeWitt","given":"Jason"}],"blog":{"authors":null,"community_id":"989c0e4f-140c-47ca-8db1-8490fb2e89d1","created":1780876800,"current_feed_url":null,"description":"British Society for the Philosophy of Science","favicon":"https://rogue-scholar.org/api/communities/989c0e4f-140c-47ca-8db1-8490fb2e89d1/logo","feed_format":"application/atom+xml","feed_url":"https://www.thebsps.org/feed/atom/","filter":"category:49","generator":"WordPress","home_page_url":"https://www.thebsps.org/","issn":null,"language":"eng","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","prefix":"10.59350","relative_url":null,"secure":null,"slug":"thebsps","status":"active","subfield":"1207","title":"BSPS","updated":1782320504,"use_api":true},"blog_name":"BSPS","blog_slug":"thebsps","content_html":"</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='sub_menu2' class='av-submenu-container main_color  container_wrap sidebar_right'   style='z-index:302'><div class='container av-menu-mobile-disabled '><ul id='av-custom-submenu-2' class='av-subnav-menu av-submenu-pos-center'>\n<li class='menu-item menu-item-top-level  menu-item-top-level-1'><a href='https://www.thebsps.org/reviewofbooks/' ><span class='avia-bullet'></span><span class='avia-menu-text'>Home</span></a></li>\n</ul></div></div>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_5' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-small avia-shadow av-section-color-overlay-active avia-bg-style-scroll   av-minimum-height av-minimum-height-75 container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #2f5280; 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'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #fff8eb; font-family: Futura; font-size: 35px; font-weight: light; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">MARK POVICH</span><br />\n<span style=\"color: #fff8eb; font-family: Futura; font-size: 70px; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.3; overflow-wrap: break-word;\">RULES TO INFINITY</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:5px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section  av-mini-hide\"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '  style='color:#444444; '  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 15px; font-family: Futura; font-weight: 300;\">REVIEWED BY</span><br />\n<span style=\"color: #ffffff; font-size: 25px; font-family: Futura; font-weight: 300;\">Jason DeWitt</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div></div><div id='after_section_5' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_6' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling avia-bg-style-scroll   container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #ffffff; '  ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div style='height:100px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div>\n<div class=\"flex_column av_one_fourth  flex_column_div first  \" style='padding:0px 0px 0px 30px ; border-radius:0px; '><section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Rules to Infinity</h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Mark Povich</h3>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '   itemprop=\"text\" ><h4 style=\"line-height: 1.4;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Reviewed by</span><br />\nJason DeWitt</h4>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><a style=\"text-decoration: none; line-height: 1;\" href=\"https://academic.oup.com/book/58949;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Rules to Infinity: The Normative Role of Mathematics in Scientific Explanation</em><sup>\u00a0\u25f3</sup></a><br />\nMark Povich<br />\nOxford University Press, 2025, \u00a359.00 / OA<br />\nISBN 9780197679005 / 9780197679036</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:-10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  av_inherit_color '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-color: #666666;\">Cite as:<br />\nDeWitt, J. (2026). 'Mark Povich&#8217;s <em>Rules to Infinity</em>', <em>BJPS Review of Books</em>,\u00a0<strong>2026</strong>,<br />\ndoi.org/10.59350/3nzp9-zxz98</span></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:-10px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<div class='avia-image-container  av-styling-    avia-align-center '  itemprop=\"ImageObject\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/ImageObject\"  ><div class='avia-image-container-inner'><img class='avia_image ' src='https://i0.wp.com/www.thebsps.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/EM-DeWitt.png?fit=199%2C300&ssl=1' alt='' title=''   itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  /></div></div><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:10px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<div class='avia-button-wrap avia-button-center '><a href='https://thebsps.us9.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=dac429e327f486e16c1a41c79&amp;id=1ea4909450' class='avia-button avia-button-fullwidth   avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-color-custom '  target=\"_blank\"  style='color:#555555; background-color:#ffffff;  ' ><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left ' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'></span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' ><span style=\"align: left; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Palatino;\">Join the mailing list</span></span><span class='avia_button_background avia-button avia-button-fullwidth avia-color-custom' style='background-color:#ffffff; '></span></a></div><br />\n<div style=' margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:40px;'  class='hr hr-custom hr-center hr-icon-no  '><span class='hr-inner   inner-border-av-border-thin' style=' width:100%;' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div><div class=\"flex_column av_two_third  flex_column_div   \" style='padding:0px 25px 0px 25px ; border-radius:0px; '><p><div style='height:1px; margin-top:-40px'  class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The goal of Mark Povich's <em>Rules to Infinity</em> is to develop a novel account of distinctively mathematical explanations and, along the way, to elaborate, defend, and extend the neo-Carnapian programme of normativism (Thomasson <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Thomasson\" name=\"_Thomasson\">2020</a>) to philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of science.</p>\n<p>Let me focus on his account of distinctively mathematical explanations first. These are explanations of natural phenomena where the mathematics bestows upon the explanandum a kind of necessity that mere effects of causes do not possess (p. 2). Consider Lange's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Lange\" name=\"_Lange\">2013</a>) trefoil knot case. Terry failed to untie his knot. What explains this failure? The 'empirical fact that Terry's knot is a trefoil knot and the mathematical (knot theoretic) fact that the trefoil knot is distinct from the unknot (i.e., mathematically cannot be untied)' (2013, p. 28). There 'are no admissible moves of twisting, lifting, or crossing strands without cutting them [\u2026] that can transform the trefoil knot into the unknot' (2013, p. 28). This mathematical impossibility, along with the fact that Terry's knot is in fact a trefoil knot, jointly explain his failure. This is a distinctively mathematical explanation of a natural fact.</p>\n<p>In chapters 2, 3, and 4, Povich develops his novel account of distinctively mathematical explanations: the narrow ontic counterfactual account (NOCA). Chapter 2 lays out three desiderata that any philosophical account of distinctively mathematical explanations should satisfy, and argues that Lange's (2013) and Baron's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Baron16\" name=\"_Baron16\">2016</a>, <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Baron19\" name=\"_Baron19\">2019</a>) accounts do not satisfy one or more of them: First, the modal desideratum: A distinctively mathematical explanation should explain why the explanandum is modally robust. Terry could not have succeeded in untying his trefoil knot. Second, the distinctiveness desideratum: A distinctively mathematical explanations should be distinguishable from cases where mathematics merely features in an explanation without bestowing necessity. Third, the directionality desideratum: A distinctively mathematical explanation should run in one direction only. Just as Bromberger's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Bromberger\" name=\"_Bromberger\">1966</a>) flagpole case shows that on the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, the height of the flagpole is explained by the length of its shadow, Craver and Povich (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Craver\" name=\"_Craver\">2017</a>) have argued that explanations such as those in the trefoil knot case can be problematically 'reversed', and a good account of distinctively mathematical explanations must rule this out. According to Craver and Povich, the directionality constraint comes from the fact that reversed mathematical explanations intuitively strike us as non-explanatory. It would be very strange, for instance, to claim that Terry&#8217;s failure to untie his knot is what explains why the trefoil knot is mathematically distinct from the unknot.</p>\n<p>Chapter 3 argues, <em>contra</em> Reutlinger (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Reutlinger\" name=\"_Reutlinger\">2014</a>) and Batterman and Rice (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Batterman\" name=\"_Batterman\">2014</a>), that renormalization group explanations are not distinctively mathematical explanations, but are a kind of (not necessarily causal) ontic explanation. Chapter 4 opens with a nice counter-mathematical from Jimi Hendrix: 'if 6 turned out to be 9, I don't mind. I don't mind'. This is the essential chapter, in which Povich develops NOCA. NOCA falls under Povich's generalized ontic conception of explanation, which claims that all explanations, causal and non-causal, count as explanations in virtue of allowing us to answer what-if-things-had-been-different questions (w-questions) about the explanandum (p. 94). That is, an explanation represents an ontic relation of counterfactual dependence holding between explanandum and explanans (p. 3).</p>\n<p>NOCA claims that an explanation is a distinctively mathematical explanation just in case an empirical fact (weakly) necessarily depends counterfactually only on a mathematical fact (p. 97). This means that were the relevant mathematical fact different, the empirical fact would have been different too. The '(weakly) necessarily' qualifier means that this counterfactual dependence must hold at every world where the empirical fact obtains, rather than at every possible world.</p>\n<p>Why is this qualifier needed? The directionality desideratum requires that NOCA count the forward explanandum as a distinctively mathematical explanation while ruling out the reversed one. The problem is that both seem to follow from the same mathematical fact that the trefoil knot is distinct from the unknot. If Terry has a trefoil knot, it follows that he cannot untie it. But it equally follows that if Terry untied his knot, it was not a trefoil knot. Both the forward explanandum (Terry failed to untie his trefoil knot) and the reversed explanandum (the knot Terry untied is not a trefoil knot) are thus consequences of the same mathematical fact. A bare counterfactual account cannot distinguish them, since counterfactuals are evaluated world by world, and there will be worlds where the forward explanandum fails to counterfactually depend on the mathematical fact (for instance, a world where Terry is hit by a bus before attempting to untie his knot) and worlds where the reversed explanandum does (p. 99).</p>\n<p>Povich&#8217;s solution recasts the trefoil knot case in terms of states of affairs rather than events (p. 100). An event is something that happens, like a glass falling off a table. A state of affairs is a matter of how things stand, like the glass being broken on the floor. In the trefoil knot case, the event is Terry&#8217;s failing to untie his knot, and the relevant state of affairs is Terry&#8217;s trefoil knot being distinct from the unknot. This distinction matters because states of affairs and events behave differently when we ask whether their counterfactual dependence on a mathematical fact is stable across worlds. When the case is recast this way, the forward and reversed explananda come apart. The forward state of affairs is that Terry&#8217;s trefoil knot is distinct from the unknot. The reversed state of affairs is that Terry&#8217;s untieable knot is not a trefoil knot.</p>\n<p>Now consider what happens when we ask, at every world where each of these facts obtains, whether the relevant counterfactual dependence holds. The counterfactual is: were the trefoil knot isotopic to the unknot, Terry&#8217;s knot would have been isotopic to the unknot too. This counterfactual holds at every world where Terry has a trefoil knot because if the trefoil knot were isotopic to the unknot, then anything that is a trefoil knot would inherit that property, including Terry&#8217;s knot. The forward explanandum thus weakly necessarily counterfactually depends on the mathematical fact.</p>\n<p>The same is not true of the reversed explanandum. There are worlds where Terry&#8217;s untieable knot is not a trefoil knot, but where the relevant counterfactual fails to hold: worlds, for instance, where Terry unties a different kind of knot entirely, one that has nothing to do with the trefoil. In those worlds, the fact that Terry&#8217;s untieable knot is not a trefoil knot does not counterfactually depend on the mathematical fact about the trefoil. The reversed explanandum therefore does not weakly necessarily counterfactually depend on the mathematical fact (p. 101). This is how NOCA satisfies the directionality desideratum. NOCA's counterfactual dependence needs an underlying ontic relation too, and Povich's preferred candidate is instantiation: the concrete object instantiates the abstract mathematical object and inherits its properties, which is naturally asymmetric and explains why the dependence is weakly necessary.</p>\n<p>That's the first half of the book. The second half, minus the interlude of chapter 7 (based on Povich and Dan Burnston's forthcoming work on a 'fully inferential theory' of the content of mathematical models in science), is devoted to developing and defending meta-ontological deflationism. Chapter 5 'deflates' NOCA by showing how modal normativism (as developed by Amie Thomasson <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Thomasson\" name=\"_Thomasson\">2020</a>) can be extended to NOCA in a way that allows NOCA to block explanatory indispensability arguments for Platonism while maintaining its ontic bite. Chapter 6 defends a broadly inferentialist account of the conceptual content of mathematics and contains his defence of the compatibility of normativism, semantic deflationism, and inferentialism with truth-conditional semantics. Chapter 8 compares his mathematical normativism to Warren's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Warren\" name=\"_Warren\">2020</a>) conventionalism, Fieldian fictionalism (Field <a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Field\" name=\"_Field\">2022</a>), and Linnebo's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Linnebo\" name=\"_Linnebo\">2018</a>) brand of neo-Fregeanism. Povich argues that his mathematical normativism and Warren's conventionalism are mostly compatible, that Field is wrong to think conventionalism is equivalent to fictionalism, and that the normativist can accept neo-Fregean abstraction principles with analyticity alone.</p>\n<p>The most exciting sections of the second half, for readers interested in meta-ontology, philosophy of language, and neo-pragmatist approaches, are in chapters 5 and 6. Let me focus on those now. Traditionally, distinctively mathematical explanations have been employed in enhanced indispensability arguments for mathematical Platonism. Though Povich maintains the existence of distinctively mathematical explanations and maintains a generalized ontic conception of explanation, he will 'normativistically' deflate any arguments for Platonism that could follow from his view.</p>\n<p>Modal normativism holds that necessity claims do not describe modal facts but rather express conceptual or semantic rules, or their consequences. 'All bachelors are unmarried' is not a description of a modal reality but an object-language expression of a rule governing the term 'bachelor'. Povich extends this to mathematical necessity: claims like '2 + 2 = 4' express semantic rules governing mathematical terms, and counter-mathematicals are 'counterconceptual' statements expressing the consequences of revising the semantic rules for our mathematical terms (p. 129). On this reading, 'were the trefoil knot isotopic to the unknot, Terry's trefoil knot would have been isotopic to the unknot' is interpreted counter-conceptually: it expresses what would follow if we adopted revised semantic rules governing 'trefoil knot'. The conclusion of chapter 5 is that the Platonistic language of NOCA, in terms of objects, instantiation, and mathematical necessity, can be retained while being stripped of any substantive ontological commitment to mathematical Platonism.</p>\n<p>In chapter 5.5, Povich argues that deflating NOCA carries no cost to explanatory power or to ontic status. The explanatory power thread is handled via Woodward&#8217;s (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Woodward\" name=\"_Woodward\">2003</a>) w-question criterion, according to which an explanation's power is measured by the range of what-if-things-had-been-different questions it can answer. Since the normativist can accept or deny every counterfactual the Platonist can, the two views are explanatorily equivalent. The more philosophically loaded thread concerns ontic status, and it is here that the chapter's most interesting move occurs. Povich responds to Kuorikoski's (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#Kuorikoski\" name=\"_Kuorikoski\">2021</a>) same-object condition objection: Platonic accounts cannot satisfy the Woodwardian requirement that counterfactual reasoning concerns the same object under different conditions, since there is no stipulation-independent way to distinguish changing a mathematical object's properties from contemplating an altogether different object. The normativist's escape route is to locate the persisting object not in the mathematical realm, but in the term or concept, individuated syntactically (p. 151). An intervention on the concept 'trefoil knot', via interventions on brains, social conventions, or evolutionary history, changes its governing semantic rules while leaving the syntactic item intact, thereby satisfying the same-object condition. The resulting dependence relation Povich calls 'counterconceptual causal' explanation, and his conclusion is striking: distinctively mathematical explanation just is counter-conceptual causal explanation (p. 152). This move is elegant, but syntactic individuation of concepts is doing a lot of philosophical work. The claim that a concept genuinely persists through revision of its governing rules will be resisted from multiple directions. There are many philosophers who will maintain that, at least to some degree, meaning change constitutes concept change. The mathematical normativist needs more to speak to these parties.</p>\n<p>Chapter 6.3 is among the most illuminating passages in the book for readers coming from philosophy of language and the broadly neo-pragmatist tradition. Its organizing move is to distinguish normativism as a functional thesis, truth-conditional semantics as a semantic thesis, and inferentialism as a meta-semantic thesis. This tripartite division of labour dissolves a cluster of <em>prima facie</em> objections: that normativism must give up a compositional theory of meaning, that a homogeneous semantics for mathematical and non-mathematical discourse requires Platonism, and so on. Each of these objections, Povich argues, trades on a conflation of levels. Once semantics, meta-semantics, and function are properly distinguished, and truth-conditions carefully separated from truthmakers, the apparent inconsistencies dissolve.</p>\n<p>I want to question this wedge Povich drives between truth-conditions and truthmakers. He claims that the semanticist's truth-conditions are not necessarily the same thing as the metaphysician's truthmakers, and that it is a 'pernicious confusion' to demand that they coincide (p. 187). I think his arguments here are forceful and well motivated. But they prompt a question that this section does not fully settle. If mathematical claims are expressions of semantic and conceptual rules, rather than descriptions of a mind-independent domain, what distinguishes a true mathematical claim from a false one? The answer seems to be that a true claim correctly expresses a conceptual rule actually in force. But if so, conceptual-rules-actually-in-force \u00a0are playing something like the role truthmakers are supposed to play. A related pressure concerns the normativist's strategy for resisting collapse into old-school conventionalism. The worry is that conventionalism renders mathematical necessity merely contingent. If '2 + 2 = 4' is true only because of our conceptual rules, it could have been false had we adopted different rules. The normativist response is a rigidifying move: when we evaluate counter-conceptual conditionals, we hold fixed our own conceptual standards, so that 'were 2 + 2 = 5 our rule, 2 + 2 would equal 5' comes out false when assessed from our standpoint. This secures necessity, but one might press on what licenses this asymmetry. Why are we rather than the imagined community entitled to hold our standards fixed? The natural answer is that because we are the ones asking the question and deploying our concepts, we get to rigidify our conceptual rules. But is this just pragmatic stipulation or does it quietly reintroduce a privileged standpoint from which some rules are the genuinely correct ones, which edges back toward the Platonism that this view was designed to avoid? These are sketches of objections rather than fully fleshed-out arguments, raised in the spirit of identifying where the neo-Carnapian normativist's deepest commitments lie and where future work from the normativist camp could profitably focus.</p>\n<p>These are questions <em>Rules to Infinity</em> itself helps to open up, which is a mark in its favour. It is an ambitious and unificatory book. Povich brings together a detailed technical account of mathematical explanation, a carefully argued meta-ontological deflationism, and a sophisticated philosophy of language, and shows that these fit together into a coherent and well-motivated whole. Readers across all three areas will find much to engage with.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Jason DeWitt<br />\nOhio State University<br />\ndewitt.197@osu.edu<br />\n</em></p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div><br />\n<section class=\"av_textblock_section \"  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https://schema.org/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock  '   itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>References</strong></p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Baron, S. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Baron16\" name=\"Baron16\">2016</a>). 'Explaining Mathematical Explanation', <em>Philosophical Quarterly</em>, <strong>66</strong>, pp. 548\u201380.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Baron, S. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Baron19\" name=\"Baron19\">2019</a>). 'Mathematical Explanation by Law', <em>British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>70</strong>, pp. 683\u2013717.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Batterman, R. and Rice, C. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Batterman\" name=\"Batterman\">2014</a>). 'Minimal Model Explanations', <em>Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>81</strong>, pp. 349\u201376.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Bromberger, S. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Bromberger\" name=\"Bromberger\">1966</a>). 'Why Questions', in R. G. Colodny (<em>ed</em>.), <em>Mind and Cosmos</em>, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 86\u2013111.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Craver, C. and Povich, M. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Craver\" name=\"Craver\">2017</a>). 'The Directionality of Distintinctively Mathematical Explanations', <em>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science A</em>, <strong>63</strong>, pp. 31\u201338.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Field, H. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Field\" name=\"Field\">2022</a>). 'Conventionalism About Mathematics and Logic', <em>No\u00fbs</em>, <strong>57</strong>, pp. 815\u201331.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Kuorikoski, J. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Kuorikoski\" name=\"Kuorikoski\">2021</a>). 'There Are No Mathematical Explanations', <em>Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>88</strong>, pp. 189\u2013212.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Lange, M. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Lange\" name=\"Lange\">2013</a>). 'What Makes a Scientific Explanation Distinctively Mathematical?' <em>British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>64</strong>, pp. 485\u2013511.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Linnebo, \u00d8. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Linnebo\" name=\"Linnebo\">2018</a>). <em>Thin Objects: An Abstractionist Account</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Reutlinger, A. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Reutlinger\" name=\"Reutlinger\">2014</a>). 'Why Is There Universal Macrobehavior? Renormalization Group Explanation as Noncausal Explanation', <em>Philosophy of Science</em>, <strong>81</strong>, pp. 1157\u201370.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Thomasson, A. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Thomasson\" name=\"Thomasson\">2020</a>). <em>Norms and Necessity</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Warren, J. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Warren\" name=\"Warren\">2020</a>). <em>Shadows of Syntax: Revitalizing Logical and Mathematical Conventionalism</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n<p class=\"hangingindent\">Woodward, J. (<a style=\"text-decoration: none;\" href=\"#_Woodward\" name=\"Woodward\">2003</a>). <em>Making Things Happen</em>, Oxford University Press.</p>\n</div></section><br />\n<div style='height:30px' class='hr hr-invisible  '><span class='hr-inner ' ><span class='hr-inner-style'></span></span></div></p></div></div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='after_section_6' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'></div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div><div id='av_section_7' class='avia-section main_color avia-section-no-padding avia-no-border-styling avia-bg-style-scroll   container_wrap sidebar_right' style = 'background-color: #ffffff; '  ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small 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Autoclose: 1 -->\n</div></div></div><!-- close content main div --></div></div></div><div id='after_section_8' class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'   ><div class='container' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-14997'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59350/3nzp9-zxz98","guid":"https://www.thebsps.org/?p=15032","image":"https://www.thebsps.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Thumbnail-DeWitt.png","language":"en","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","published_at":1780358400,"rid":"bgen2-64148","summary":"Home MARK POVICH RULES TO INFINITY REVIEWED BY Jason DeWitt Rules to Infinity Mark Povich Reviewed by Jason DeWitt <em> Rules to Infinity: The Normative Role of Mathematics in Scientific Explanation </em> <sup> \u25f3 </sup> Mark Povich Oxford University Press, 2025, \u00a359.00 / OA ISBN 9780197679005 / 9780197679036 Cite as: DeWitt, J. (2026). 'Mark Povich's <em> Rules to Infinity </em> ', <em> BJPS Review of Books </em> , <strong> 2026 </strong> ,","tags":["BJPS Review Of Books"],"title":"Mark Povich, Rules to Infinity<br>Reviewed","updated_at":1782322301,"url":"https://www.thebsps.org/reviewofbooks/dewitt-on-povich/","version":"v1"}],"out_of":50712,"page":1,"per_page":10,"total-results":50712}